Insights on how to reduce bleeding in spinal surgery

  Hemostatic techniques in spine surgery are indeed an important issue, and in addition to the fact that the maiden is prone to the consequences of blood loss in the patient, the clarity of the surgical field is also compromised. Bleeding in the spinal canal often stops the surgery and delays the procedure by keeping the surgeon busy to stop the bleeding, increasing the operative time.  As a result, skilled spine surgeons are also often masters of hemostasis, and their peers will evaluate the beauty of the surgery because of the clarity of the surgical field and the lack of bleeding. I should say that this concept has had a profound influence on my surgical style growing up, and this influence is reflected in the hemostasis during surgery. The hemostasis in the operative field largely determines the success of the surgery and the smooth recovery after the surgery.  What is an intraoperative suction device? Isn’t a suction device a suction device? “Once there is bleeding, the most correct operation you have to do is to stop the bleeding immediately instead of attracting it.  To a certain extent, this understanding overturned the previous operating concept of being an assistant on the operating table, and I felt very new and uncomfortable. It is not true that the aspirator is useless and the axilla is no longer needed, but it is still necessary to reveal the operative field in unexpected and sudden situations.  When bleeding was encountered during the cutting separation and exposure of the vertebral plate, the bleeding point was immediately clamped with sharp forceps and the bleeding was stopped by touching the forceps with electrocoagulation, which was fast and well coordinated. For multiple bleeding points that were difficult to clamp at once, a piece of dry gauze was immediately used to press the bleeding area and the edges of the gauze were slowly lifted in order to reveal the bleeding points one by one by electrocoagulation.  Paravertebral muscle stripping ends with the use of (a small gauze pad with a blue band) filling and compression. For bleeding in the canal after occlusion of the outer cortical bone on the portal axis side of the single opening, gelatin sponges are cut into thin strips and carefully filled to stop the bleeding. Bleeding from the intraventricular plexus after opening the door on the open side is stopped by gentle compression with gelatin sponges and tampons. Careful electrocoagulation is also used to stop bleeding from active bleeding sites before the spreader is removed to close the incision and suture the muscle.  This greatly reduces both the amount of postoperative drainage bleeding and, to some extent, the serious consequences of aggravation of symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord by the hematoma. I have to say that the single-opening operation is definitely a work of art. I once saw a big-name specialist in the province do a double-opening in the side-lying position, basically opening the door in a pool of blood, with the bleeding flowing to the bucket under the table. After the emergence of autologous blood transfusion technology, we do not have those scruples about using suction devices, but the delicate operation concept is still worthy of our emulation and pursuit.  In my impression, the time used for hemostasis during the procedure of revealing and hemostasis before suturing is not less than that of tumor resection, and in some cases (such as when the tumor is well cut), it is even longer. The use of bipolar electrocoagulation for hemostasis is the strength of neurosurgeons. After entering the spinal canal, hemostasis is achieved by using bipolar electrocoagulation, which is set to the number 8-10 and operated under a microscope. There cannot be any bleeding in the entire operative field, otherwise the surgery cannot be performed.  Some time ago, I had the privilege to observe a remote demonstration of an artificial cervical disc replacement surgery by a French cervical surgeon at an international conference in Beijing. When removing the posterior longitudinal ligament, there was a problem that has been troubling us for a long time, that is, when removing the posterior longitudinal ligament, we would encounter unmanageable bleeding, which was indeed the case, and there was nothing he could do, and he also used gelatin sponge with tampon to gently compress it for 5 minutes like us.  Knowing this outcome and not knowing it has an effect on the mindset of the surgeon, and since then we have been doubly patient in waiting for those 5 minutes, with surprising results, and almost every time we have been able to achieve good hemostasis and thus a smooth transition to the next operation.  When it comes down to it, there is really no trick to stopping bleeding in spine surgery because you don’t take any shortcuts and can’t expect any tricks. Some people have suggested (and in fact many experts use) the use of paid renin saline injections to stop the bleeding, which I oppose for reasons that I won’t go into here in detail.  If there is any skill, then I believe that care, patience, and composure are the skills. If surgery is an artist’s work, even if someone is able to splash ink, it must be based on thousands of times of practical practice.  In terms of the creation process, surgery is actually more like the creation of sculptural works, and it is inconceivable that the artist will be crude and unrefined in many details of the carving.