1. Nodular goiter is common in middle-aged women. The thyroid gland is stimulated by this increased TSH for a long period of time, resulting in uneven enlargement of the thyroid gland and nodular changes after repeated or continuous hyperplasia. There may be bleeding, cystic changes and calcifications within the nodules. The size of the nodules can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters. The main clinical manifestation is an enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules of varying sizes on palpation. Patients have few clinical symptoms, usually only anterior neck discomfort, and thyroid function tests are mostly normal. This disease starts slowly and often occurs in patients who have had nodular goiter for many years, mostly aged 40-50 years or older, and is more common in women. When the thyroid gland is palpated, a smooth round or oval nodule with clear borders and a hard texture can be found, which moves up and down with swallowing. The thyroid function test shows elevated thyroid hormone in the blood, and if the nodule is functionally autonomous, the nuclear scan shows a “hot nodule”. 3. Inflammatory nodules are divided into two categories: infectious and non-infectious, the former being mainly subacute thyroiditis caused by viral infection, while other infections are rare. The latter is mainly caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, mostly seen in middle-aged and young women, the patient’s conscious symptoms are less, the examination can be found in multiple or single nodules, hard and tough texture, less pressure pain, thyroid function tests show thyroglobulin antibodies and The thyroid function tests often show strong positivity for thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antibodies. The vast majority of thyroid cysts are formed by degenerative changes in the nodules or adenomas of the thyroid gland, containing blood or slightly mixed fluid, with clear borders and a hard texture. In a few patients, it is caused by congenital thyroglossal cysts or remnants of the fourth gill slit. 5.Thyroid tumors include benign thyroid tumors, thyroid cancer and metastatic cancer.