Nodular thyroid disease is a common endocrine disorder with a prevalence of 4% to 7%, and a detection rate of about 40% to 50% by ultrasonography and autopsy. And more than half of the thyroid surgeries belong to thyroid nodules. However, benign nodular thyroid disease accounts for the majority of patients with nodular thyroid disease, and the incidence of thyroid cancer is less than 5%. The incidence of thyroid nodules is higher in women, more than four times that of men. Moreover, the incidence of nodules increases with age and decreases with decreased iodine intake. Recent studies have assessed that approximately 50% of people over the age of 60 have thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodule traits include hyperplasia, cysts, adenomas, thyroiditis and tumors. The purpose of clinical diagnosis is to identify the nature of thyroid nodules and determine their benignity and malignancy, which is of clinical importance for the proper and timely treatment of thyroid nodules. The etiology of thyroid nodules is complex and is currently thought to be related to exposure to radiation, autoimmunity, genetics, and iodine ingestion.