There are benign and malignant thyroid nodules, and timely identification of benign and malignant nodules is a crucial part of the treatment of nodules. The determination of benign and malignant thyroid nodules relies on medical history, physical examination, radionuclide scan, puncture cytology and other methods. In terms of medical history, 50% of nodules appearing in childhood are malignant. A single nodule occurring in a young male should also be alerted to the possibility of malignancy, and malignant lesions should be suspected if a new nodule or an existing nodule increases rapidly within a short period of time. On physical examination, multiple nodules are usually benign lesions, while thyroid cancer is mostly a single isolated nodule that appears uneven when touched, has a hard texture, moves little when swallowed, and sometimes can even be touched by enlarged lymph nodes in the ipsilateral neck. How to treat thyroid nodules? The main cure for thyroid nodules is surgery, but surgery is divided into traditional open thyroidectomy and minimally invasive surgery. The doctor needs to diagnose whether the nodules are benign or malignant by looking at whether they are single or multiple, cystic, solid or mixed, whether they have a pericardium and whether the pericardium is intact, and whether there is blood flow and the condition of the blood flow. Or which surgical procedure is better? The history of lumpectomy thyroid surgery has been nearly 20 years since its birth. From the initial removal of benign tumors to the treatment of low-grade malignant tumors today, the lumpectomy technique is in the process of continuous development. At present, the mainstream opinion at home and abroad on the scope of indications for lumpectomy thyroid surgery is: benign thyroid disease with cosmetic requirements and differentiated thyroid cancer in the low-risk group. Benign thyroid diseases include nodular goiter, Graves’ disease, thyroid adenoma, etc. In principle, the enlarged thyroid gland is less than grade III and the diameter of a single nodule is less than 6 cm. Differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma) should meet the following criteria: age 15-45, tumor diameter not greater than 2cm, no obvious evidence of lymph node metastasis on preoperative imaging, or although there are metastatic lymph nodes, the metastatic lymph nodes are not fused and fixed. Compared with traditional surgery, lumpectomy with the same treatment effect has the advantages of significant cosmetic effect and fast postoperative recovery, which is in line with the current concept of minimally invasive surgery.