The cause of fever after hydrocephalus surgery may be either central fever or fever caused by infection. If the cause of intracranial infection is not detected and extracranial infection causing fever is excluded, central fever is considered more likely. Central fever is mainly seen in patients with central nervous system lesions, such as large hemispheric infarcts, brainstem infarcts, and massive cerebral hemorrhage, all of which can present with hydrocephalus. Infectious diseases of the central nervous system, such as encephalitis and meningitis, can also be present. Central fever is generally characterized by a high body temperature, with most patients having a temperature of more than 39°C. General antipyretic and analgesic drugs and other antipyretic drugs are ineffective, and physical cooling therapy is mainly given with the aim of protecting brain cells. In case of central hyperthermia, patients can generally have unstable vital signs, including unstable body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure, and patients have a poor prognosis and high mortality rate.