The lower part of the uterus is cylindrical or rhombic in shape and extends into the vagina in the form of tissue known as the cervix.
The inner lumen of the cervix is the cervical canal, with the upper end being the internal cervical opening, which communicates with the uterine cavity, and the lower end being the external cervical opening, which communicates with the vagina. The part above the vaginal attachment is called the upper part of the vagina, and the part below the attachment extends into the vagina and is called the vaginal part of the cervix.
The cervix is mainly composed of dense connective tissue. The mucosal epithelium of the cervical canal is highly columnar, and there are many glands in the mucosal layer that secrete alkaline mucus. The epithelium of the vaginal part of the uterine cervix is a compound squamous epithelium. The squamous epithelium intersects with the columnar epithelium of the cervical canal at the external cervical os, which is the site of cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and it occurs in the epithelial tissue of the cervix. A cervical smear is used to screen for cervical cancer. Limited, early-stage cervical cancer, also known as precancerous cervical lesions (cervical carcinoma in situ, or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, or cervical atypical hyperplasia) requires treatment to eliminate the diseased tissue, mainly by cervical cryotherapy, or cervical conical excision, which removes more diseased tissue.
This is one of the more commonly used treatments. A metal syringe with liquid nitrogen flowing from the tube is inserted into the vagina and placed in the cervical lesion for 5-10 minutes, causing the lesion to freeze and necrosis.
Conical hysterectomy is the “conical” removal of diseased tissue and is used for severe cervical atypical hyperplasia (confined to the cervix, also known as severe cervical intraepithelial neoplasia). In this procedure, the surgeon removes a large amount of cervical tissue, either by scalpel, laser, or electrocautery. The most commonly used method is circumferential electrosurgical excision, or cervical electrocautery conical excision, in which a ring-shaped metal wire is passed through an electric current to conically remove the diseased tissue.
If surgical excision is not complete or pathological examination of the excised tissue shows infiltration of the cancer, total hysterectomy should be performed.
Researchers have found that vaginal hysterectomy can effectively treat early-stage cervical cancer and that women who undergo the procedure can still become pregnant, the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology recently reported. Vaginal hysterectomy differs from hysterectomy in that it removes only the cervix and not the entire uterus, the report said. Therefore, this procedure is only indicated for early-stage cervical cancer that has not spread beyond the cervix. Theoretically, women who undergo this procedure can still get pregnant in the future. The findings also suggest that although complications from vaginal hysterectomy are rare, women are prone to preterm labor or miscarriage after the procedure. The researchers surveyed 123 women with early-stage cervical cancer who underwent vaginal hysterectomy between August 1994 and 2005, with an average follow-up period of 45 months.
Cervical cancer is a common cancer among women, and it is strongly associated with infection with certain types of human papillomavirus. Earlier this month, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a cervical cancer vaccine to be marketed in the U.S. The vaccine specifically targets the four types associated with cervical cancer and is the first cervical cancer vaccine successfully developed by humans. …… women in their thirties Blocking cervical cancer
What is cervical cancer related to?
1.Preferred age
The age of cervical cancer incidence has characteristics. The age distribution shows a bimodal pattern: 35 to 39 years old and 60 to 64 years old. The average age is 52.2 years. …… Early detection of the first signs of cervical cancer Cervical cancer is aiming at young ladies.
2. Virus infection during sexual intercourse
It is related to the infection of certain viruses during sexual intercourse. For example, human papilloma virus, herpes simplex virus type II, human cytomegalovirus, etc. are related to the development of cervical cancer. Especially human papillomavirus, current research shows that more than 90% of cervical cancer patients carry such virus, therefore, we can say that it is the culprit of cervical cancer.
3.Estrogen
In addition to the above viral factors, estrogen also plays a dishonorable role in the development of cervical cancer because estrogen can promote the growth of uterine and vaginal tissues and stimulate cervical epithelial proliferation. The level of estrogen in women’s body during pregnancy is 25-40 times higher than that of non-pregnant period, which can cause significant proliferation of cervical epithelium in pregnant women and even changes similar to atypical hyperplasia or carcinoma in situ, but it can gradually return to normal after delivery.
4.Premature sexual life
The cause of cervical cancer is still unknown. At present, it is believed that its incidence is related to early marriage, early childbirth, multiple births, dense births, premature sex, sexual life disorders, economic status, race and geographical environment. Premature sexual life refers to sexual life before the age of 18; early marriage refers to marriage before the age of 20.
At this time, the female reproductive tract is not yet mature and is sensitive to the stimulation of carcinogenic factors. Once infected with certain bacteria or viruses, and stimulated by sexual relations with more than one man, cervical cancer can occur. It is observed that the incidence of cervical cancer is significantly lower among unmarried and unmarried women.
5.His cleanliness
Male foreskin dirt during sex can also induce cervical cancer, and there are many studies suggesting that male foreskin dirt is the main cause of unclean sexual intercourse, and therefore an important cause of cervical cancer. Unclean sexual intercourse accounts for more than 50% of the causes, because dirt can cause inflammation of the female cervix and the reproduction of viruses.
6.Sexual contact with high-risk men
Women who have sexual contact with high-risk men are prone to cervical cancer. High-risk men are those who have penile cancer, prostate cancer or whose ex-wives or sexual partners have had cervical cancer.
7.Marriage
Women who are most at risk for cervical cancer are married women, women who have had too many children, and women who are unmarried but have had sex and have had sex too often and too early.
U-shaped curve
Foreign surveys found that the incidence of cervical cancer is a U-shaped curve in the age group of women, meaning that young and old women have more cervical cancer, while middle-aged women have less, i.e. high at both ends and low in the middle. The specific age groups are, younger women under 25 years old and women over 55 years old are more likely to suffer from this disease.
Early symptoms are mainly manifested as
Vaginal bleeding: Younger patients often present with contact bleeding, which occurs during sexual intercourse, gynecological examination and bleeding after stool. The amount of bleeding can be large or small, and generally depends on the size of the lesion and the invasion of the interstitial vessels. Early bleeding is small, while later lesions are large and may cause fatal hemorrhage once they erode larger blood vessels. Young patients may also present with prolonged periods, shortened cycles, and increased menstrual flow. Older patients often complain of irregular vaginal bleeding after menopause.
Vaginal discharge: Patients often complain of increased vaginal discharge, white or bloody, thin like watery or rice-soup-like, with fishy odor. In the late stage, due to the rupture of cancerous tissue, tissue necrosis and secondary infection, there is a large amount of purulent or rice-soup-like foul-smelling leucorrhea discharge. …… cervicitis in women***
Symptoms of late stage cancer.
Secondary symptoms appear according to the extent of lesion invasion. When the lesions spread to the pelvic connective tissue, pelvic wall, compression of ureter or rectum, sciatic nerve, often complained of frequent urination, urinary urgency, anal swelling, constipation, shortness of breath, swelling and pain in the lower limbs, etc. In serious cases, it leads to ureteral obstruction, hydronephrosis, and finally uremia. At the end of the disease, patients may suffer from emaciation, anemia, fever and general failure.
The diagnosis of cervical cancer is mainly based on medical history and clinical manifestations, especially for those with contact bleeding, detailed general examination and gynecological triple examination, and cervical scraping cytology, iodine test, nitrogen laser tumor intrinsic fluorescence diagnostic method, colposcopy, cervical and cervical canal biopsy, cervical conization and other examinations should be done. After the diagnosis of cervical cancer is confirmed, chest X-ray, lymphography, cystoscopy and proctoscopy should be done according to the specific situation to determine its clinical stage.