Among the female reproductive organs, the cervix is attached to the uterus and the vagina, and is in a position to carry the upper and lower parts of the uterus. Anatomically, it is part of the uterus. The cervix is connected to the uterus like an upside down bottle, so some people refer to it as the “neck of the bottle”. The cervix plays an important role as an important organ for reproductive physiology and reproductive endocrine function, as well as an important barrier to prevent vaginal pathogens from invading the uterine cavity. It is mostly seen after childbirth, abortion or surgical injury where pathogens (mainly Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli and anaerobic bacteria) invade and cause infection; followed by pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Poor hygiene or estrogen deficiency and poor local resistance to infection also predispose to cervical inflammation. Cervicitis, or cervicitis for short, is the most common type of inflammation of the female reproductive organs and has a high incidence, accounting for about half of married women. Clinically, chronic cervicitis can include several types of cervical erosion, cervical hypertrophy, cervical polyps, cervical glandular cysts and cervical ductitis, with cervical erosion being the most common (now called cervical columnar epithelial ectopic or ectopic). Depending on the size of the cervical erosion surface, it can be classified as mild, moderate or severe. Clinical manifestations: 1. increased leucorrhea milky white mucus-like, yellowish, purulent/bloody 2. contact bleeding 3. lumbosacral pain, lower abdominal cramps, etc. 4. thick purulent cervical secretions are not conducive to sperm passage and can cause infertility 5. gynecological examination reveals erosions, polyps, lacerations and cervical glandular cysts Treatment: Due to the differences in the understanding of cervical erosion, there are conceptual differences in the treatment of cervical erosion in China and abroad. Foreign scholars do not need treatment for those without clinical symptoms, but only cytological screening, and if cytological abnormalities are present, they will be treated accordingly according to the cytological results. Some domestic scholars believe that the cervical canal columnar epithelium has low resistance and pathogens are prone to inflammation; various treatments are taken to cover the vaginal part of the cervix with new squamous epithelium to reduce abnormal hyperplasia and the chance of infection. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a group of precancerous lesions closely related to cervical invasive cancer, which reflects the continuous process in the development of cervical cancer. With the development of molecular biology and intensive clinical research, it has been found that CIN is not a unidirectional pathophysiological developmental process, but has two different outcomes. CIN often occurs in women aged 25-35 years old, while cervical cancer is mostly seen in women over 40 years old. Clinical manifestations of CIN: Generally there are no specific symptoms, and occasionally there is increased vaginal discharge with or without odor. There may be contact bleeding, which occurs after sexual intercourse or gynecological examination. Physical examination of the cervix is smooth or only localized erythema, white epithelium, or cervical columnar epithelial ectopic manifestations are seen. Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously endangers women’s health, and its incidence is steadily increasing in recent years and tends to be younger. Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignant tumors, with the second highest incidence rate among female malignant tumors. According to worldwide statistics, an estimated 466,000 cases of cervical cancer occur each year, and there are about 135,000 new cases in China each year. Cervical screening is beneficial for early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of cervical diseases. At present, human papillomavirus infection, especially the persistent infection of high-risk type, is considered to be the basic cause of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. Common clinical symptoms of cervical cancer: 1. Vaginal bleeding: early stage is mostly contact bleeding, which occurs after sexual intercourse or gynecological examination, and later stage is irregular vaginal bleeding. 2.Vaginal discharge: vaginal discharge is increased, white or bloody, thin like watery or rice slop, fishy and smelly. 3.Late symptoms: A series of secondary symptoms appear according to the organs invaded by the lesion.