Cervical cancer: The incidence rate is the second highest among female malignant tumors, second only to breast cancer. The incidence rate and mortality rate of cervical cancer in China account for about 1/3 of the world. A large number of research results show that the risk factors of cervical cancer mainly include biological factors, behavioral factors and genetic factors. Among them, biological factors include infections of various microorganisms, such as viruses, chlamydia, bacteria, etc.; behavioral factors include sexual behavior, oral contraceptives, smoking, number of pregnancies and births, etc. Among these three factors, the infection of various microorganisms is the key factor, among which human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the most dominant. In the 1980s, some foreign scholars reported that the presence of HPV was detected in cervical cancer specimens and boldly proposed the hypothesis that HPV was associated with cervical cancer. Subsequently, a large amount of research data showed and supported this hypothesis, and in 1995, the World Health Organization (WHO) IARC symposium proposed that HPV infection is the main causative factor of cervical cancer. Humans are the only hosts of HPV viruses. Currently, more than 100 subtypes of HPV have been identified, most of which are harmless to humans, and only about 20 are associated with reproductive tract infections. Sexual intercourse is the main, but not the only, route of transmission of HPV virus. Because HPV cannot be cultured and propagated in vitro, some people believe that there is no possible way for HPV virus to be transmitted other than through sexual contact. However, in clinical practice, some patients do have no history of sexual contact transmission, such as infants and children with condyloma acuminatum. In recent years, more and more studies have found that: contact with the patient’s used towels, underwear, basin, bed sheets, commode and other household items can be infected with HPV; laser treatment of warts, the smoke generated by the presence of HPV; pregnant women with warts or HPV infection can infect their babies, but the chance is not high; patients with external genital or anal warts, after hand contact with warts, through the hands Patients with external genital or anal warts are infected with warts through their hands to other parts of the skin and mucous membranes of the body. HPV infection is very common, with 70% to 80% of women becoming infected with HPV during their lifetime, but 90% of women can clear the virus away through their own immunity. Most HPV infections are not sufficient to cause the development of cervical cancer. Only the persistence of high-risk HPV types and the synergistic effect of other factors, such as microbial and immune factors, may lead to the development of cervical cancer. It usually takes about 7 to 10 years from the time the cervix is infected by HPV and develops to precancerous lesions of the cervix; it takes another 7 to 10 years to develop from precancerous lesions to cancer. Before the vaccine is applied, to effectively prevent HPV infection: health education should be strengthened to recognize the general characteristics and transmission channels of HPV virus, pay attention to personal hygiene, eliminate sexual confusion, avoid premature annual sex and multiple sexual partners, timely treatment of cervical lesions and inflammation of reproductive tract to improve local immunity; meanwhile, regular gynecological health checkups should be conducted to detect abnormalities for timely diagnosis and treatment. Although cervical cancer is a serious threat to women’s health and life, it may become the first human tumor that can be prevented and cured. Women can achieve the purpose of preventing and treating cervical cancer by having regular gynecological checkups and receiving regular cervical screening.