1, the central nervous system developmental disorders and congenital malformations brain dysplasia is common in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, periventricular, corpus callosum, cerebral white matter, etc.. Congenital malformations are mainly neural tube closure callosal development is backward, the corpus callosum is dysplastic.png together incomplete and formed anencephaly, meningeal bulge and meningeal brain bulge, midbrain water tube malformation, etc.; vesicular evolutionary developmental disorders lead to total forebrain malformation, cerebellar subungual herniation malformation, etc.; neuronal migration and brain gyrus formation disorders lead to neuronal abnormalities, flat brain gyrus or no brain gyrus, giant brain gyrus malformation, multi-cerebellar gyrus malformation, etc.. Joint disorders or midline structural abnormalities may include agenesis or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, agenesis or hypoplasia of the pellucid septum, etc. 2, periventricular white matter softening is the main neuropathological change of brain injury, and is the main cause of neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders in surviving children. The mechanism of its occurrence is the imperfect development of the arteries supplying blood to the paraventricular white matter in immature children, and the collateral circulation of the terminal artery has not yet been established, which is caused by hypoxia and ischemia. 3, brain injury due to birth injury birth injury can be extracranial birth injury, cranial birth injury and intracranial birth injury. Intracranial birth injuries are mainly dural tears, subdural hematoma, cerebral ischemic infarction, etc. 4, bilirubin encephalopathy hyperbilirubinemia, bilirubin through the blood-brain barrier, damage to certain nuclei of the central nervous system, resulting in brain damage. The lesions are characterized by the basal nucleus, hippocampus, hypothalamus and dentate nucleus being stained bright yellow or dark yellow. The above parts may have neuronal degeneration and necrosis, glial cell proliferation and other changes. 5, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy brain hypoxia ischemia is the main cause of perinatal fetal or infant brain injury. The basic lesions are mainly: cerebral edema, brain tissue necrosis, and hypoxic intracranial hemorrhage. In recent years, cellular biochemical changes due to hypoxia or ischemia leading to cell damage or apoptosis have been noticed. In 1987, Nachmias first summarized the pathogens that can lead to congenital intrauterine infections causing malformations as TORCH, T for toxoplasmosis (toxoplasmagondii), R for rubella virus ( rubellavirus, C refers to cytomegalovirus, H refers to herpessimplexvirus, and O refers to other (other) pathogens.