Severe osteoporosis causes bone pain or recurrent urinary stones that are difficult to cure and plague people’s lives. Most people often go to orthopedics for calcium supplementation for osteoporosis and urology for stone removal or even surgery for urinary tract stones. Few people, whether doctors or patients, associate these ailments with parathyroid tumors, so that 80% of parathyroid tumor patients are underdiagnosed. The parathyroid glands, usually located in the bilateral tracheoesophageal grooves behind the thyroid gland, are one of the important endocrine organs in the human body, regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body. Normally, there are four parathyroid glands in the body, which are about half the size of a soybean. Once a tumor grows in the parathyroid glands, even if it produces obvious symptoms, doctors and patients often do not recognize it enough because of its small size and low incidence. If the parathyroid tumor is hidden behind the thyroid gland for a long time, if it develops to an advanced stage, the quality of life of patients will be seriously reduced, and in serious cases, they may even lose their ability to take care of themselves. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid tumors are especially important. Patients with unexplained general weakness, bone and joint pain, loss of appetite, bloating and constipation, and recurrent urinary stones should think of the possibility of parathyroid tumor. The diagnosis of parathyroid tumor is actually not complicated, but the misdiagnosis is often caused by the lack of sufficient knowledge of the doctor and the patient. If a patient has the common symptoms mentioned above and blood tests reveal high blood calcium, low blood phosphorus, significantly elevated parathyroid hormone and elevated urinary calcium, parathyroid tumor should be highly suspected and further tests should be performed to clarify the cause. Surgical resection is the first and only way to cure parathyroid tumors. Fortunately, parathyroid tumor is not a scary disease and the cure rate for benign parathyroid tumor is almost 100%. Even for malignant tumors, most of them are curable. If the surgery is standardized and skilled, the sequelae of parathyroid tumor removal are rare.