The enlarged thyroid gland should be treated according to the cause. Generally, the enlarged thyroid gland is caused by hyperthyroidism, which requires medication such as methimazole for a certain period of time and, if necessary, iodine 131 therapy, both of which are more effective when combined with each other. In addition, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, adenomas, subacute thyroiditis, and severe iodine deficiency can also lead to goiter, which is caused by an impaired immune function in the body. If the patient does not have symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism is treated with anti-hyperthyroidism drugs methimazole and propylthiouracil, hypothyroidism is treated with eugenol replacement therapy, subacute thyroiditis is treated with prednisone and antipyretic and analgesic non-antibiotic anti-inflammatory drugs. For iodine deficiency, iodine pills should be supplemented. For thyroid nodules or adenomas, dynamic observation of changes in the lesions should be the main focus, and minimally invasive ablation therapy or surgery for suspected cancer or definite nail cancer, followed by radiotherapy if necessary.