Osteoporosis (osteoporosis) is a systemic bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and destruction of the microstructure of bone, manifested by an increased brittleness of the bone and therefore a much higher risk of fracture, even with minor trauma or in the absence of trauma. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease caused by multiple factors. Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and destruction of the microstructure of bone tissue, leading to a decrease in bone strength and an increased risk of fracture. There are usually no specific clinical manifestations until fractures occur. The disease is more common in women than men, and is commonly seen in postmenopausal women and the elderly. With the increase of elderly population in China, the incidence of osteoporosis is on the rise. Osteoporosis is divided into three types: I. Primary osteoporosis, which is a physiological degenerative lesion that inevitably occurs with age. This type is divided into 2 types, type Ι is postmenopausal osteoporosis, seen in women shortly after menopause. Π is senile osteoporosis, which occurs mostly after the age of 65. It accounts for 85% to 90% of the total incidence. Second, secondary osteoporosis, which is osteoporosis induced by some factors such as other diseases or drugs. It only accounts for 10%-15% of the total incidence. Third, idiopathic osteoporosis, mostly seen in adolescents or adults aged 8 to 14 years old, mostly with genetic family history, more women than men. Women with osteoporosis occurring during pregnancy and lactation can also be included in idiopathic osteoporosis. It accounts for a minority of cases. Clinical manifestations The main clinical manifestations of primary osteoporosis are pain, shortening of height, hunchback, fractures, and respiratory dysfunction due to thoracic spine and thoracic deformity. Pain is the most common and dominant symptom of osteoporosis. The destruction and loss of bone trabeculae, destruction of subperiosteal cortical bone, and fractures can cause generalized bone pain, with low back pain being the most common. Osteoporosis is often detected clinically by fractures of vertebrae, upper femur, distal radius, or low back pain. Acute compression fractures of the thoracolumbar segment can cause local fracture symptoms in addition to intercostal neuralgia, intestinal paralysis, spinal deformity, and respiratory dysfunction. It is aggravated by standing and activity and can be relieved by bed rest. Diffuse pain in the spine is mostly seen in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Diagnosis based on 1. chronic low back pain; 2. fracture of the spine, upper femur, distal radius, and other parts, and the corresponding clinical manifestations; 3. bone density examination showing osteoporosis; 4. imaging examination to exclude pathological fracture. Auxiliary examinations X-ray film, MRI examination, bone density examination, electrolytes, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, blood antitartaric acid phosphatase activity, blood routine, ESR, CRP, etc. Treatment principle Calcium supplementation, appropriate functional exercise, analgesia and other symptomatic treatment. Treatment Application of calcium supplementation drugs: calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, etc.; promotion of calcium absorption: alfacalcidol, vitamin D3, salmon calcitonin (migestrol), alendronate sodium tablets, etc. Supplemental nutrition, appropriate exercise, reduce prolonged bed rest and drugs that affect calcium absorption and other factors. Symptomatic treatment of pain and fractures and other symptoms.