Bleeding can occur from any part of the female genital tract. Common causes of vaginal bleeding include: 1. ovarian endocrine dysfunction: mainly including anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding and ovulatory menstrual disorders. 2. pregnancy-related uterine bleeding: such as miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, gravida, partial retention of the placenta after delivery, etc. 3. genital inflammation: vaginitis, cervicitis, cervical polyps and endometritis, etc. 4. genital tumors: benign ones such as uterine fibroids Ovarian tumors that secrete estrogen, etc. Malignant tumors such as vulvar cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine sarcoma, fallopian tube cancer, gestational trophoblastic tumors, etc. (5) Injuries, foreign bodies and exogenous estrogens: genital tract trauma, birth control devices, estrogen or progestin administration, etc. (6) Systemic diseases: such as blood diseases, liver function impairment, etc. Zhao Jianwu, Department of Gynecology, People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province