Osteoporosis has become an important group of diseases that endanger the health of the elderly and increase the burden on society. The pain and spinal deformity caused by vertebral compression fractures can lead to decreased lung capacity, loss of appetite, and reduced activity, which can lead to further bone loss, resulting in a vicious cycle of decreased quality of life and shorter life expectancy. The conservative treatment traditionally used is not satisfactory. Indications: simple fresh compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine caused by osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly people without combined neurological injury; multi-segment compression fractures of the upper and lower adjacent vertebrae secondary to osteoporotic compression fractures; pathological thoracolumbar compression fractures caused by tumors with clear pathological diagnosis such as malignant lymphoma. Pain relief mechanism: restoration of the height of the diseased vertebra, fixation of microfractures, and high-temperature effect from the polymerization of bone cement (no damage to the human body). Advantages: balloon expansion vertebroplasty can rapidly relieve patients’ pain symptoms after surgery, improve the degree of compression fracture, play a role in internal fixation of the vertebral body, strengthen the support of bone trabeculae, and play a more important role in the reconstruction of spinal stability. After the operation, the vertebral height of the diseased vertebrae was obviously restored and the kyphosis of the spine was improved, and the patient could perform functional exercise of the lumbar back muscles and walk with weight under the protection of the lumbar girth at an early stage (24 hours after the operation). It greatly reduces the complications and morbidity and mortality of long-term bed rest and improves the quality of life of patients. From the available data, the efficacy of balloon-expandable vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures is satisfactory, but since osteoporosis is a systemic disease, it is also important to treat vertebral compression fractures while systematically treating osteoporosis to contain the further development of osteoporosis and prevent the occurrence of re-fractures.