Indications for renal puncture examination 1.Nephrogenic acute renal failure who cannot be diagnosed clinically with clear etiology. 2.Acute nephritis syndrome: acute nephritis is suspected to be a rapid deterioration of renal function or the condition does not improve after 1-2 months of treatment for acute nephritis. 3.Nephrotic syndrome: when glucocorticoid regular treatment for 8 weeks is ineffective. 4.When the clinical need for differentiated treatment according to the type of pathology. 5.Patients aged >50 years without contraindications for renal biopsy 6.Chronic glomerulonephritis 7.Suspected secondary or hereditary or familial kidney disease 8, Asymptomatic proteinuria >1g/24h or proteinuria combined with hematuria 9.Suspected tubular interstitial damage but clinical diagnosis cannot be confirmed. 10.Transplanted kidney: when the cause of obvious renal function decline is unclear, or severe rejection reaction to decide whether to remove the transplanted kidney or suspected recurrence of the original kidney disease in the transplanted kidney. 11.When repeat renal biopsy is needed to guide further clinical treatment.