Differential diagnosis of hemangioma and vascular malformation: hemangioma and vascular malformation are two different vascular diseases, their treatment methods and prognosis are different, so attention should be paid to differentiate them from vascular malformation in the diagnosis of hemangioma. In general, hemangioma and vascular malformation can be differentiated by the following aspects: 1. time of onset: hemangioma mostly appears 1 week to 1 month after birth, while vascular malformation mostly appears at birth; 2. growth rate: hemangioma mostly has a rapid growth (growth phase) and slow receding (receding phase) process. The color of superficial hemangioma is bright red, and the color deepens gradually during the proliferation period, and then changes from bright red to dark purple when it starts to recede, and finally becomes florid. The skin on the surface of deep hemangiomas is elevated, normal in color or translucent blue. Vascular malformations have different colors depending on the capillary lymphatics, veins or arteries they contain; 4. Temperature of the lesion area: normal or slightly higher for hemangiomas, significantly higher or normal for vascular malformations; 5. Texture: hemangiomas are rubber-like and cannot be emptied of blood by pressure; the posture test is negative; receding hemangiomas are residual fibrofatty tissue and have a soft texture; while vascular malformations are soft and easily compressed Color ultrasound can distinguish between hemangioma and vascular malformation, and further distinguish various types of vascular malformation. Color ultrasound can show the level, size and blood supply of lesions, which is very helpful for treatment; MRI: it can show both the scope of lesions and the characteristics of blood rheology, which is the gold standard for differentiating hemangioma and vascular malformation; 3D CT: it is very helpful for differential diagnosis because it can clearly show the condition of blood vessels in lesions and their anatomical relationship with surrounding tissues. 7.Estrogen measurement: The level of serum estradiol in patients with hemangioma is significantly higher than that in children with vascular malformations and healthy children of the same age; 8.Immunohistochemical examination: Urinary basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF): The concentration of urinary bFGF in children with proliferating hemangioma is significantly higher than that in children with receding hemangioma, vascular malformations and control children. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in proliferating hemangiomas than in regressing hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and negative controls. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA): The positive rate of PCNA expression and mast cell count were significantly higher in proliferating hemangiomas than in regressing infantile hemangiomas and all types of vascular malformations. Glucose transporter protein-1 (Glut1): In the early proliferative stage, more endothelial cells of hemangioma expressed Glut1; in the middle proliferative stage, the vast majority of microvascular endothelial cells and scattered endothelial cells expressed Glut1; in the late proliferative stage, Glut1 expression was rapidly diminished; in the regressive stage, microvascular endothelial cells of hemangioma did not express Glut1. all spongy venous malformations, arteriovenous malformations All cavernous venous malformations, arteriovenous malformations, capillary malformations, small arterioles and microvessels in normal skin and soft tissues do not express Glut1. 9. Gene chips can also be used as additional tools in the future. Infantile hemangiomas have been reported to be associated with chromosome 5q31-33.