Important bony landmarks of the head 1. Arch of the eyebrow: It is a bow-shaped elevation located above the supraorbital rim, where eyebrow hairs grow on the surface of the skin. The arch of the eyebrow is located on the lower edge of the frontal lobe of the brain. 2. 2. Interbrow: the midpoint between the two brow arches. 3. Zygomatic arch: It is composed of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and is located in the plane of the line connecting the infraorbital rim and the external occipital ridge. The upper edge of the zygomatic arch corresponds to the lower edge of the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the brain. 4. Pterygoid point: It is located at about 3.8cm above the midpoint of zygomatic arch, which is the confluence of frontal, parietal, pterygoid and temporal bones, most of which are in the shape of H, and a few are in the shape of N. The inner surface of the pterygoid point is covered with meninges. On the inner surface of the pterygoid point, the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery passes through. 5. Star point: located in the back of the skull on both sides, is the occipital, parietal and temporal bones in the mastoid root above the confluence of the posterior. It is equivalent to 1.5cm above the line connecting the upper edge of the external ear gate and the occipital convexity, and about 3.5cm after the center of the external auditory canal. The star point is suitable for the transverse sinus to turn for the ethmoidal sinus. 6. Frontal node: it is the most prominent part outside the frontal bone. The deep surface is suitable for the middle frontal gyrus of the brain. 7. Mastoid: located behind the earlobe. The inner surface of the posterior part of the mastoid process is the sigmoid sinus groove, which accommodates the sigmoid sinus. 8. Extra-occipital bump: a bulge located in the middle of the outer part of the occipital bone, the inner surface of which is the sinus confluence. Below the extraoccipital bump are the occipital conduit vessels. 9. supraclavicular line: an arched ridge of bone extending from the extraoccipital convexity to the sides, the deep surface of which is the transverse sinus. lO.Anterior chimney point: also known as the frontal vertex point, 13 cm back from the eyebrow, is the confluence of the coronal suture and the sagittal suture, so it is also known as the coronal-sagittal point. The anterior chimney of the newborn is located at this point. 11. Herringbone point: also known as the parieto-occipital point, located about 6 cm above the occipital convexity, for the intersection of the sagittal suture and the herringbone suture. The posterior chimney of the newborn is located at this point. Body projection of important intracranial structures (1) Inferior transverse line: the line from the inferior orbital rim to the superior rim of the external auditory meatus. (2) Superior transverse line: a line drawn backward from the superior orbital rim parallel to the inferior transverse line. (3) Sagittal line: the line between the eyebrows and the external occipital ridge. (4) Anterior vertical line: a line perpendicular to the superior and inferior transverse lines is made through the midpoint of the zygomatic arch. (5) Middle vertical line: a line parallel to the anterior vertical line is made upward through the midpoint of the mandibular condyle. (6) Posterior vertical line: a line parallel to the anterior and middle vertical lines is made through the posterior edge of the mastoid root. (7) Parieto-occipital sulcus: a line 1.25-2.25 cm long was drawn laterally from about 1.25 cm above the herringbone point, which was the surface projection of the parieto-occipital fissure. Middle meningeal artery: the projection of the main trunk of the middle meningeal artery is located at the intersection of the inferior transverse line and the anterior vertical line, about 3 cm above the midpoint of the flat zygomatic arch, and is divided into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch passes through the intersection of the superior transverse line and the anterior vertical line, i.e., the pterygoid point, and curves backward and upward toward the cranial vault; the posterior branch passes through the intersection of the superior transverse line and the middle vertical line, and curves obliquely upward and backward toward the herringbone point. (8) Lateral sulcus: It is equivalent to the bisector of the intersection angle between the projection line of the central sulcus and the superior transverse line. During the operation, the lateral sulcus and the central sulcus of the brain were determined; the sagittal line was from the interbrow to the occipital bulge, and the wing point was 4 cm above the midpoint of the zygomatic arch (about 2 transverse fingers). The line from the wing point to the sagittal line at the point 2 cm posterior to the midpoint (50%) of the sagittal line was the projection line of the central sulcus of the brain. The line from the pterygoid point to the anterior three-fourths of the sagittal line (75%) is the projected line of the lateral sulcus. (9) Superior sagittal sinus: corresponds to the position of the sagittal line. (10) Sinus confluence: the deep surface of the lateral occipital convexity. (11) Transverse sinus: corresponds to the deep surface of the superior collateral line. (12) Intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures: Determined by: 1 located 13 cm behind the interbrow; 2 between the interbrow through the median sagittal line to the anterior middle 1/3 of the external occipital ramus. (13) Wing point: Determined by: 1 the point where the horizontal line of the superior orbital rim intersects the vertical line of the midpoint of the zygomatic arch; 2 the intersection of the frontal zygomatic prominence 3 centimeters posterior to the superior edge of the zygomatic arch at a distance of 4 centimeters. (14) The tip of the herringbone suture: it is located 6 centimeters from the superior border of the external occipital ramus. (15) Central sulcus: Determined by: 1 A point 1 cm posteriorly from the brow through the midpoint of the line from the median line to the external occipital ridge, from which a line of 67 degrees from the level of the skull apex is drawn, is the position of the central sulcus; 2 The intersection of the vertical line through the mastoid process with the median sagittal line, and then a line from this point with the point of the pterygoid, is the position of the central sulcus. (16) Lateral fissure: the following methods are used: 1 the angle formed by the horizontal line between the central sulcus and the superior orbital rim, the line dividing this angle is the position of the lateral fissure; 2 the line from the wing point to the parietal node, the anterior 2/3 of this line is the position of the lateral fissure. (17) The trunk of the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery: 2.5 centimeters up and 3 centimeters back from the lateral canthus of the eye.