Cerebral small vessel disease is a syndrome of clinical, cognitive, imaging and pathological manifestations due to various causes affecting small cerebral arteries, microarteries, capillaries, microvenules and small veins, mainly manifesting as lacunar cerebral infarction, cerebral white matter damage, lacunae, cerebral microhemorrhage, perivascular gap enlargement, cerebral microinfarction and cerebral atrophy. Cerebral microvasculature is the foundation necessary to maintain brain metabolism, cellular activity and complex white matter network structure. For the past 15 years, cerebral small vessel disease has been considered a serious disease. However, because its onset is insidious and not easily recognized, its clinical manifestations are diverse and include sudden stroke symptoms, easily overlooked neurological signs and symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, progressive cognitive decline, dementia, depression, and disability. Cerebral small vessel disease accounts for approximately 20% of strokes and can increase the risk of stroke by a factor of 1. Some studies suggest that approximately 45% of dementia or cognitive impairment is due to cerebral small vessel disease, placing a heavy burden on society and families. Since the cause of this disease is still unknown, prevention and treatment relying entirely on clinical experience are unsatisfactory and even risky. Therefore, early detection of cerebral small-vessel disease and early intervention are imperative. In the future, through the collaboration of multiple units and joint efforts, we will use large samples and multicenter prospective studies to comprehensively grasp the risk factors of cerebral small vessel disease cognitive dysfunction, as well as disease occurrence, development and regression, and strive to find sensitive and effective neuropsychological test scales, combined with imaging and other auxiliary examinations, blood and cerebrospinal fluid biological markers, genetic testing and other technologies, in order to improve the early diagnosis of cerebral small vessel disease In order to improve the early diagnosis rate of cerebrovascular disease and develop reasonable prevention strategies and treatment plans to reduce the pain and family burden of patients with cerebrovascular disease. In addition, from the perspective of imaging, the systematic evaluation of patients combined with neuropsychological test scales will further explore the correlation between imaging and cognitive dysfunction in cerebral small vessel disease, and finally realize the cognitive dysfunction of patients based on imaging performance, so that more patients with cerebral small vessel disease can receive formal treatment at an early stage, and reduce the pain for patients and the burden for society.