I. Surveillance and screening of hepatocellular carcinoma The four international guidelines mentioned above all place great emphasis on early screening and early surveillance of HCC, all of which are based on evidence-based medical evidence and have a high degree of credibility. The views on screening indicators are relatively consistent and mainly include two items: serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and liver ultrasonography. For men ≥ 35 years of age with HBV and/or HCV infection and a high risk of alcoholism, screening is generally performed at 6-month intervals. For AFP > 400 μg/L without liver occupancy on ultrasonography, care should be taken to exclude pregnancy, active liver disease, and germinal gland tumors of embryonic origin; if this can be ruled out, CT and/or MRI should be performed. If AFP is elevated but not at the diagnostic level, in addition to the above-mentioned conditions that may cause increased AFP should be excluded, the dynamic changes in AFP should be closely tracked, the interval between ultrasound examinations should be shortened to 1~2 months, and CT and/or MRI examinations should be performed when needed. If hepatocellular carcinoma is highly suspected, DSA hepatic artery iodine oil angiography is recommended. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma Diagnostic criteria of HCC include pathological and clinical diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic methods include serum tumor marker (AFP) test, imaging examination (including ultrasonography, CT, MRI and DSA angiography, etc.) and pathological histological examination (mainly liver tissue biopsy). the BSG guidelines suggest that for patients with cirrhosis, the presence of cirrhosis is first determined, and subsequently the diagnostic process is started with the threshold of 2 cm of occupancy size; while for non-cirrhotic patients, the AFP level is used to guide the diagnostic process. Internationally, the diagnostic process of AASLD is applied more often, differentiating between the mass and the diagnostic process by occupancy <1 cm, 1 to 2 cm and >2 cm, with emphasis on early diagnosis. III. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma The consensus of ACS states that the treatment goals of HCC include: cure; local control of tumor and preparation for transplantation; local control of tumor and palliative treatment. Improving the quality of life is also one of the important treatment goals. The NCCN emphasizes the importance of keeping abreast of the times while following evidence-based medicine, and its 2008 edition has introduced the last two years of breakthroughs in the treatment of liver cancer. breakthroughs, i.e., the molecular targeted therapy drug sorafenib is listed as one of the standard treatment options for patients with inoperable and advanced HCC. Since the 1970s to 1980s, the early diagnosis of PLC has been greatly facilitated by the gradual popularization and widespread use of serum AFP, real-time ultrasound imaging and CT. As the early diagnosis rate has increased significantly, the surgical resection rate has increased and the prognosis has been improved significantly; therefore, the diagnosis of PLC, especially the early diagnosis, is the key to clinical treatment and prognosis. In terms of early diagnosis, full attention should be paid to the background of liver disease of patients. In China, 95% of PLC patients have a background of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 10% have a background of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and some patients have overlapping HBV and HCV infection. Special attention should be paid to the following risk groups: middle-aged and elderly men with high HBV load, HCV-infected patients, HBV and HCV overlapping infections, alcoholics, co-infected diabetics, and those with a family history of liver cancer. After the age of 35-40, these people should undergo regular screening (including serum AFP test and liver ultrasound) every 6 months; when there is elevated AFP or “occupying lesions” in the liver area, they should immediately enter the diagnostic process, observe closely and strive to make early diagnosis. (2) Laboratory diagnosis methods of hepatocellular carcinoma At present, the qualitative diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in China is still mainly based on the detection of serum AFP, which should be highly regarded: (1) In China, more than 60% of hepatocellular carcinoma cases have serum AFP >400μg/L; (2) At present, there is no other tumor marker with specificity comparable to AFP; (3) AFP detection is less dependent on imaging equipment and new technology.