Common causes of optic nerve disease include inflammation, vascular disease, tumors, and trauma, including optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, compressive optic neuropathy, and optic nerve tumors. Optic nerve diseases mostly lead to the regression of optic ganglion cells and their axonal degeneration, and once regressed, they are not renewable. Therefore, they are very dangerous. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to the prognosis of optic nerve diseases. Early diagnosis of optic nerve disease relies on basic specialist examinations as well as advanced equipment examinations, including: visual acuity, pupillary examination, visual field, visual electrophysiology, optical coherence tomography, fundus fluorescence angiography, and whole body examination. Treatment of optic nerve disease requires prompt, accurate, and formal treatment. Treatment strategies vary from disease to disease, so a clear diagnosis is needed. Features of common optic nerve diseases: 1. optic neuritis, which is more frequent in young and middle-aged people, with a sharp decrease in visual acuity, the optic papilla may be edematous or normal, and may be accompanied by spontaneous ocular pain and ocular rotation pain; 2. ischemic optic neuropathy, which is more frequent in the elderly, with a sharp decrease in visual acuity, optic papilla edema with hemorrhage, and quadrantal visual field defects, mostly with underlying diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by fundus fluorescence angiography; 3. traumatic optic neuropathy, i.e., optic nerve contusion, with a history of trauma, dramatic loss of visual acuity, and normal fundus examination. The treatment of optic neuritis is based on high-dose hormonal shock therapy, supplemented by neurotrophic drugs. In addition, attention needs to be paid to multiple sclerosis and optic neuromyelitis optica. The acute phase of ischemic optic neuropathy is treated with high-dose hormone shock therapy combined with anticoagulation and vasodilatation therapy, supplemented with neurotrophic drugs. The recovery period is treated with neurotrophic drugs. At the same time, treatment of the underlying disease is required. In traumatic optic neuropathy, high-dose hormone shock therapy is preferred, supplemented with neurotrophic drugs. If hormone shock therapy is ineffective or combined with optic canal fracture, optic canal decompression surgery can be considered. Thus, there are many similarities and significant differences in the clinical strategies for optic neuropathy. Early and definitive diagnosis is crucial, and the treatment strategy should be based on evidence-based medicine to scientifically develop the best treatment plan.