Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs from the cervical epithelium and glandular epithelium. Squamous cell carcinoma, or squamous carcinoma, is the main type of cervical cancer that occurs from the epithelium; adenocarcinoma is the type that occurs from the glandular epithelium. More than 95% of cervical cancers are squamous carcinomas. What are the causes of cervical cancer? According to studies and surveys in recent decades, the risk factors for the development of cervical cancer include: early sexual intercourse, age of first intercourse less than 16 years old; early childbirth, multiple births, close births; multiple sexual partners of the patient and her sexual partners or history of STDs of the patient and her sexual partners; disorders of estrogen secretion or abnormal metabolism; infections such as herpes simplex type 2 virus and human papilloma virus, chronic cervicitis and cervical erosion. Besides, smoking, oral contraceptive pills and the patient’s immune deficiency and bad mental factors are also related to the occurrence of cervical cancer. What are the clinical symptoms of cervical cancer? Most of the early stage of cervical cancer has no obvious symptoms and can only be detected by regular gynecological examination. In early cases, there is contact bleeding, i.e. a small amount of vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse or during gynecological examination, as well as increased leucorrhea or leucorrhea with blood. When cervical cancer develops to a more advanced stage, the symptoms become obvious. The symptoms usually include: irregular vaginal bleeding, sometimes more or less, and heavy bleeding when the lesion invades larger blood vessels and ruptures. Older patients often present with post-menopausal vaginal bleeding. Increased vaginal discharge, sometimes white and watery or dilute, or mixed with blood, with a peculiar fishy odor. Pain in the lower abdomen, lumbosacral region or legs indicates that the disease has reached an advanced stage. How to achieve early detection of cervical cancer? It takes about 10 years to develop from cervical precancerous lesion to cervical cancer. Cytological examination is the main means to detect cervical cancer at an early stage. When patients self-identified the above early signs, they should take the initiative to go to the hospital for examination by obstetrician and gynecologist and have cervical cytology colposcopy and pathological section examination. The WHO (World Health Organization) recommends that women who have had sex should have a cervical smear once a year for the first three years and then every three years until the age of 65 if they are negative. For high-risk groups, annual screening is recommended. For cases with suspected cancer cells in cytology, cervical biopsy should be taken for pathological examination. A large number of cancer screening data show that 90-95% of early cervical cancer can be detected by a cervical cytology smear (TCT). TCT is called “liquid-based thin-layer cytology”, which adopts the core technology of high precision filter membrane and microcomputer automation control system. The method is a major innovation in filming, with technology that removes non-diagnostic impurities and produces cell smears that are uniform, thin, with little overlap and a clear, clean background, making them easier for the reader to observe and improving the accuracy of diagnosis. This has solved the problems of missing or misdiagnosis caused by poor smear quality and cell loss during traditional Pap smear taking in the past. This test is currently a more advanced cytological examination method for early detection of cervical cancer. A sample is taken from the patient’s cervix with a sampler, and a smear is made to detect cervical cancer and other diseases by observing the morphology of the cells under a microscope. It is a non-invasive test and the patient will not feel any discomfort.