Tracheal and bronchial tuberculosis, as the name implies, is tuberculosis that occurs in the trachea and bronchi. It is caused by infection of the mucosa of the respiratory tract with tuberculosis bacteria or by infection and necrosis of the submucosal lymph nodes that break down into the lumen of the tubes, with the latter usually being the most common. After the onset of the disease, patients usually present with varying degrees of cough, sputum, chest tightness, shortness of breath or wheezing after activity, etc. The symptoms are not specific. There are no abnormal findings in the general chest X-ray, so it is easy to be diagnosed as “bronchitis” or “bronchial asthma” initially. As the disease develops, if not detected in time, narrowing of the trachea and bronchi and recurrent infections of the affected lungs may occur, which may be easily misdiagnosed as obstructive infections caused by lung tumors. In recent years, due to the widespread use of bronchoscopy, the diagnosis rate of tracheal and bronchial tuberculosis has improved compared to the past, and if detected early and treated correctly, it is a disease that can be completely cured. In recent years, with the development of interventional treatment, our department has a large number of successfully cured cases. However, there are still some misunderstandings in the treatment. The traditional view is that tracheal and bronchial tuberculosis is equivalent to the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, and that it is sufficient to take medicine to fight consumption. So much so that some patients are found to have tracheal and bronchial tuberculosis without early intervention, and after some time the lumen is filled with granulation tissue and becomes narrow or completely occluded. The narrowing forms a bottleneck, leading to recurrent infections of the distal bronchi and lungs, which in turn leads to destruction or atrophy of the lungs and seriously affects lung function.