Cervical cancer in general is highly malignant and 70% of patients are already in advanced stage when diagnosed. Treatment options for cervical cancer include surgical resection, Chinese medicine, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Patients with stage II, III and IV are not suitable for surgical treatment. It is also prone to metastasis or recurrence after surgery. The development of the treatment plan is related to the patient’s age, general condition, the extent of the lesion, the presence of co-morbidities and its nature. Therefore, before treatment, the patient must undergo a general examination, and the treatment plan must be formulated after taking into consideration the functional examination results of all organs and systems as well as the clinical stage. The treatment of cervical cancer is mainly surgery and radiation therapy. Especially squamous carcinoma is more sensitive to radiation therapy. With the rapid development of anti-cancer chemical drugs in recent years, chemotherapy, which was considered ineffective for cervical cancer in the past, has become a common method of adjuvant treatment, especially in advanced or recurrent cases. If chemotherapy is used before surgery or radiotherapy, and then surgery or radiotherapy is performed after the cancer foci have shrunk or partially shrunk after chemotherapy, or chemotherapy is added after surgery or chemotherapy, the efficacy can be improved. According to our experience, interventional surgery – bilateral uterine arteriography embolization chemotherapy is performed 10-14 days before surgery for first and second stage cervical cancer, which can reduce intraoperative bleeding and improve long-term survival rate. Treatment principles 1. Atypical hyperplasia: If the biopsy is mild atypical hyperplasia, it should be treated as inflammation for the time being and followed up by scraping and biopsy again in half a year if necessary. Those with persistent lesions can continue to be observed. For those diagnosed with moderate atypical hyperplasia, laser, freezing and electric ironing should be applied. For severe atypical hyperplasia, total hysterectomy is generally advocated. If there is an urgent need for fertility, close follow-up can also be performed regularly after conical resection. 2.Carcinoma in situ: Generally, total hysterectomy is advocated, preserving both ovaries; some advocate simultaneous removal of 1~2 cm of vagina. In recent years, laser treatment has been used at home and abroad, but close follow-up is necessary after treatment. 3.Microscopic early infiltrating carcinoma: Generally, it is advocated to perform expanded total hysterectomy and vaginal tissue of 1~2 cm. Because the possibility of lymphatic metastasis of microscopic early invasive carcinoma is very small, it is not necessary to eliminate pelvic lymphatic tissue. 4.Infiltrating carcinoma: Treatment methods should be based on clinical stage, age and general condition, and equipment conditions. Commonly used treatment methods include radiation, surgery and chemotherapy. Generally speaking, radiotherapy can be applied to patients of all stages; the efficacy of surgery is similar to radiotherapy for stages Ib to IIa; cervical adenocarcinoma is slightly less sensitive to radiotherapy and should be treated by a combination of surgical resection plus radiotherapy. Surgical treatment Extensive hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node elimination are used. The scope of resection includes the whole uterus, bilateral adnexa, upper vagina and paravaginal tissues as well as the lymph nodes in the pelvic cavity (paracervical, foramen ovale, internal iliac, external iliac and inferior common iliac lymph nodes). The operation requires thoroughness, safety, strict control of indications and prevention of complications. Surgical complications and management 1.Surgical complications include intraoperative bleeding, postoperative pelvic infection, lymphatic cyst, retention, urinary tract infection and ureterovaginal fistula. In recent years, the incidence of these complications has been significantly reduced due to the improvement of surgical methods and anesthesia techniques, the application of prophylactic antibiotics, and the use of postoperative extraperitoneal negative pressure drainage. Radiation therapy Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for cervical cancer and can be applied to all stages of cervical cancer, including the cervix, vagina, uterine body, parametrium and pelvic lymph nodes. Internal radiation mainly targets the primary cervical site and its adjacent areas, including the body of the uterus, the upper part of the vagina and the adjacent parametrial tissue (“A”) sites. External irradiation is directed at the area of the pelvic lymph nodes (“B”). The internal radiation source is intracavitary radium (Ra) or 137 cesium (137Cs), targeting mainly the primary cervical lesions. The external radiation source is 60 drill (60Co), which mainly targets metastases outside the primary lesion, including the pelvic lymph node drainage area. The dose is generally 60Gy, and internal radiation is currently preferred for early-stage cervical cancer. For advanced cervical cancer, especially for those with large localized tumors, active bleeding, or infection, external irradiation is preferred. Chemotherapy So far, cervical cancer is not sensitive to most anti-cancer drugs, and the efficiency of chemotherapy does not exceed 15%. Chemotherapy can be administered intravenously or locally with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, etc.