What is infertility? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a couple can be diagnosed with infertility if they have lived together after marriage for more than 1 year with normal sexual intercourse, without using any contraceptive measures and have not achieved pregnancy. According to current studies, about 10-15% of couples of childbearing age have infertility problems, of which 20-25% are due to the presence of infertility or infertility in both partners, 20-25% are caused exclusively by the presence of infertility factors in the male partner, and the remaining 50-60% are caused by the female partner. Therefore, the causes of infertility, the factors of both men and women account for about half of each. What causes can lead to male infertility? There are many links affecting male reproduction, the main ones are the neuroendocrine regulation of the male reproductive system, sperm production in the testes, sperm maturation in the epididymis, sperm discharge process mixed with seminal vesicles and seminal plasma secreted by the prostate to make semen, sperm discharge from the male reproductive tract and input into the female reproduction, sperm fertilization with sperm in the female oviduct, etc. In these links are disturbed and affected by diseases or certain factors. The male infertility is not a kind of male infertility. Therefore, male infertility is not an independent disease, but rather the result of one or many diseases and factors. What tests are needed for male infertility? Further examination and treatment are decided mainly based on the patient’s medical history and physical examination. Detailed questions should be asked about growth and development, original conception and fertility history, etc., while the focus of the physical examination is on the male reproductive system, i.e., the testes, epididymis, spermatic cord and vas deferens, and then targeted tests are selected. Among them, routine semen examination is the cornerstone of evaluating male fertility, and the strength of male fertility is judged by semen volume, sperm concentration, vitality and morphology, and other indicators, and this examination has the advantages of low cost, non-invasive, and can be repeated; other sperm function tests, such as sperm acrosome function test and detection of sperm DNA damage, are chosen according to specific situations. In some patients with male infertility, we also have the option of testing reproductive hormones and chromosomes as well as performing ultrasound and nuclear magnetic examinations. What are the considerations for semen testing? Before semen testing, patients are required to abstain from sex for 2-7 days; too short an abstinence period will affect the total amount of semen and sperm density, while too long an abstinence period will affect the vitality of sperm. Also when collecting semen, the degree of sexual excitement, psychological tension and whether or not one is well rested before this affects the quality of semen, so it is recommended to rest well before semen examination, while being able to have a high level of sexual excitement during semen collection, and the specimen should be collected completely and not left behind or spilled. Finally, the specimen should be sent to the examination room in time after collection. What treatments are available for infertility? Successful treatment of male infertility is based on a clear diagnosis of the disease and a correct assessment of the extent of the condition. First of all, we must actively seek to discover the various factors that cause infertility in each male patient, correct progressive damage, such as quitting smoking and alcohol, avoiding high-heat environments such as saunas and hot springs, and surgical treatment of varicocele, as well as taking empirical treatments to improve sperm concentration, vitality and other parameters to improve male fertility, and finally, depending on the effect of the treatment and the condition of the female partner, decide to continue to choose natural conception or to adopt assisted reproduction techniques.