What is the role of reproductive endocrine hormones in the diagnosis of male infertility? Male reproductive endocrine hormones include luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, androgens, estrogens and prolactin. Reproductive hormones are also very important in the diagnosis of male infertility. It is a “weathervane”, reflecting the function of male reproductive endocrine axis, which can identify whether the hypogonadotropic function is caused by low gonadotropic hormone or high gonadotropic hormone, and it has a guiding effect on the treatment. What is the role of physical examination of the male reproductive system in the diagnosis of male infertility? The physical examination plays a very important role in the diagnosis of many male reproductive disorders. The examination of male secondary sex characteristics such as beard, pubic hair, throat nodes and skin can determine whether there is any abnormality in androgen levels. Examination of the penis and urethra can reveal the presence of hypospadias and sexually transmitted diseases. Examination of the scrotal contents can find out the location, size and texture of the testes, small testes (less than 12 ml) suggests that the testes are not functioning well in spermatogenesis; whether the epididymis is enlarged and hardened, bilateral epididymal enlargement and hardening suggests that chronic inflammation of the epididymis and blockage of the epididymal ducts may result in azoospermia; whether vas deferens exists, with or without thickening and nodules; if the vas deferens can’t be palpated, it may be congenital dysplasia of the vas deferens or its absence. Examination of the spermatic cord can reveal the presence or absence of varicocele, and most of the moderate to severe varicocele requires surgical treatment. Rectal palpation can find out if there are abnormalities in the prostate and seminal vesicles.