Hemangioma is a benign congenital tumor or vascular malformation, mostly seen at birth or shortly after birth, which originates from residual embryonic angiogenic cells, most of which occur in facial skin, subcutaneous tissues and oral mucosa, such as tongue, lips and floor of mouth, and a few occur in the jaw bone or deep tissue. According to their clinical manifestations and histological features, hemangiomas can be generally classified into capillary hemangiomas, cavernous hemangiomas and trabecular hemangiomas, among which capillary hemangiomas and cavernous hemangiomas are more common. What is the etiology of hemangioma? The hemangioma syndrome refers to the patient’s pathological changes in other parts of the body in addition to the hemangioma itself, and such concomitant pathological changes have certain regularity. What is the clinical manifestation of hemangioma? I. Capillary type hemangioma is composed of abnormal development of dilated capillaries. 1.More often found on the face and oral mucosa. 2. If it is not higher than the skin, it is bright red or purplish red, with clear boundary and irregular shape, like wine spot, and if it is higher than the skin, the surface is uneven, like prune. 3.When the tumor is pressed, the surface color recedes because blood flows out of the tumor. After the pressure is lifted, blood immediately fills the tumor and restores the original size and luster. 2.Cavernous hemangioma, consisting of numerous blood sinuses with developmental deformities. 1.Blue-purple, soft mass. 2. Compressible. 3. Positive postural metamorphopsia test, i.e., the blood return within the tumor is blocked when the tumor is lower than the heart level, and the tumor increases in size; when the tumor is higher than the heart level, the blood return is smooth and unobstructed, and the tumor shrinks. 4.Venous stones can sometimes be found in the soft tumor. 5. The whole blood can be coagulated by puncture and extraction. Trapezoid hemangioma is formed by direct anastomosis between artery and vein with obviously dilated vessel wall. 1.The tumor is high up in the shape of beads, and the surface temperature is high. 2.There is pulsating sensation on palpation and wind-like murmur on auscultation. 3.The pulsation and murmur will disappear if the blood supply artery is pressed. What are the hazards of hemangioma 1, hemangioma will leave scars, proliferation caused by disfigurement The infant hemangioma that occurs on the skin surface has proliferative growth characteristics, so it will lead to the expansion of the deformed blood vessels and thinning of the vessel wall, when the tumor is rubbed or stimulated, it will break down, because the tumor gathered a lot of deformed blood vessels, so the bleeding is larger than the general trauma, and it is more likely to be infected, resulting in the trauma is not healed for a long time. Subsequently, scars are formed. Even enlargement and thickening, combined with facial features, eventually lead to disfigurement. 2.Hemangioma can lead to hearing and vision impairment When infant hemangioma occurs in the ear, parotid gland and other parts, it can cause hearing impairment because the tumor blocks the ear canal or compresses the hearing nerve and other normal tissues and organs. When infantile hemangioma occurs in the eyelid, the enlarged area of the tumor may cause visual impairment because the tumor compresses the eye, and may also induce complications such as astigmatism, myopia and amblyopia; when the tumor compresses the optic nerve, it may cause visual impairment. 3.Hemangioma can invade joints or cause pain When infant hemangioma occurs around joints, it can cause deformed blood vessels to invade joints and cause joint ankylosis, and the joints cannot be flexed and extended normally, resulting in the child being unable to move freely. When infantile hemangioma compresses and pulls on nerve tissue, it can cause neuropathic pain and muscle aches and pains. This can cause great inconvenience to the patient’s learning, life and work, and can cause disability in serious cases. 4.Hemangioma can cause autism and other psychological disorders Infant hemangioma occurs in exposed parts of the head, face and limbs, which is the center of human aesthetic and visual focus and directly affects the first impression. Hemangiomas are prone to cause physical deformities, which can bring serious pathological psychological reactions or cause behavioral abnormalities to the affected children and families, resulting in extreme psychological disorders such as introversion and autism, thus affecting future career development. What is the diagnosis of hemangioma 1.Characteristics of tumor appearance (wine-spotted or prune-like, etc.). 2.Discoloration or shrinkage by pressure. 3.Positive postural meta-test, palpation and venous stone, puncture and extraction of coagulated whole blood (sponge type), palpation with pulsation, auscultation with wind-like murmur, pressure closure of blood supply artery and murmur disappearance (trapezoid type). 4.Angiography shows contrast concentration or vascular malformation in the tumor area. 5.Pathological histological examination to confirm the diagnosis. What is the auxiliary examination of hemangioma? 1.For superficial and limited tumor, the examination plan should be based on the examination frame “A”; 2.For deeper site development or huge tumor, the examination plan can include the examination frame “B” and “A”. “A”. What are the treatment measures of hemangioma? 1.Surgical treatment, all of them can be removed if they are confined, and sectoral removal if they are extensive. 2.Microwave transthermal treatment, mainly applied to spongy type. 3.Radiation therapy is used for infant capillary hemangioma and superficial cavernous hemangioma. 4.Sclerotherapy, used for cavernous hemangioma. 5.Cryotherapy, used for poplar and cavernous hemangioma. What is the standard for judging the efficacy of hemangioma 1.Cure: After treatment, the tumor is all removed or disappeared, and the shape and function are significantly improved. 2.Improved: After treatment, the tumor has shrunk, and the shape and function have improved. 3.Not cured: After treatment, the tumor does not shrink, and the shape and function do not improve.