Diagnosis and differential diagnosis I. Diagnosis of gallstones: The first is based on medical history, such as frequent pain in the right upper abdomen, radiating to the right shoulder, accompanied by fever, etc. The second is to conduct physical examination of the patient, and the results obtained will be analyzed, and then assisted by some necessary special tests to make a clear diagnosis. For those asymptomatic gallbladder stones, the diagnosis is mainly confirmed by B-mode ultrasonography. Modern ultrasonography is a non-invasive, non-invasive diagnostic method that can clearly display the gallbladder, with a diagnostic rate of more than 95% for gallbladder stones, and can detect stones with a diameter of 0 or 3 cm or more. It is generally believed that ultrasound is better than CT and oral cholangiography in the diagnosis of gallbladder stones. Therefore, for patients suspected of having gallbladder stones, ultrasound is generally used to make a clear diagnosis. If you want to further determine the stones in the gallbladder, you can observe both the concentrating function and the emptying function of the gallbladder. It is easier to diagnose gallbladder stones with typical symptoms, but because some patients with gallbladder stones have little or mild symptoms and no obvious gallstone features, they can take some detours in diagnosis and fail to detect them early. For example, many patients with gallbladder stones are often treated as gastritis, gastric ulcer or indigestion because of upper abdominal discomfort, stomach fullness, belching and poor appetite before gallbladder stones are detected, and they take medicine for gastric diseases for a long time, but with little effect. Once the diagnosis is clear, the treatment can be targeted and the natural effect will be good. Differential diagnosis of gallstones: The main diseases that are very similar to gallstones are as follows: (1) Liver diseases: such as viral hepatitis, hepatic sclerosis, etc. (2) Gastrointestinal diseases: such as gastrointestinal disorders, peptic ulcers, highly located appendicitis and right-sided colonic diseases, etc. (3) Biliary tract diseases: such as biliary tract dysfunction, gallbladder tumors, gallbladder polyp-like lesions and biliary parasites, etc. (4) Others: such as right-sided pyelonephritis, herpes zoster and radiculitis, etc. Since the above diseases are easily confused with gallbladder stones, patients are required to tell the occurrence and development of their diseases systematically and carefully during the consultation so as to provide sufficient information to the doctor’s diagnosis. Likewise, the doctor should take a comprehensive medical history, perform various relevant examinations in detail, and analyze the obtained information comprehensively to confirm the diagnosis in time as far as possible.