Urolithiasis is one of the common diseases of the urinary system, second to urinary tract infections and prostate diseases. Urolithiasis can be divided into upper urinary tract stones (kidney and ureteral stones) and lower urinary tract stones (bladder and urethral stones), which can be regarded as two types of stones, differing in terms of stone location, etiology, age, gender, stone composition and prognosis. Urolithiasis is a manifestation of abnormal mineralization in the human body, i.e., the formation of, or the carrying out of, a disproportionately high degree of mineralization at sites where mineralization should not occur under normal conditions, and it is closely related to the activity and metabolism of cells throughout the body. In recent years, the concept of biomineralization and demineralization has been introduced into the study of the formation mechanism of urolithiasis, which helps to deepen the study of the formation mechanism of urolithiasis from the molecular level and correctly prevent and treat urolithiasis. Clinical manifestations: stones can occur in various parts of the urinary tract, due to the different parts of the occurrence of different symptoms. 1, the upper urinary tract stones kidney stones, ureteral stones, patients, more than the affected side of the lumbar abdomen, dull pain or colic, accompanied by vomiting, often sudden onset, due to stone damage to the urinary tract mucous and bleeding, so the color of the urine is red, the test can be seen with blood cells. 2, bladder stones Typical symptoms are sudden interruption of urination, pain radiating to the distal urethra and the head of the penis, accompanied by urinary difficulties and bladder irritation symptoms. Due to the effort of urination, abdominal pressure increases, and may be complicated by prolapse. There is often terminal hematuria. 3.Urethral stones Patients often have pain in the urethra during urination, difficulty in urination, dribbling urination, and in severe cases, acute urinary retention and severe pain in the perineum may occur. II. Treatment measures: 1. Emergency treatment: renal colic and infection are often urgent problems. Infection must be controlled by timely application of antimicrobial drugs, and severe cases should be hospitalized for intravenous comprehensive drug administration. Discharge of stones to relieve obstruction is the fundamental method of treating renal colic. The idea that the use of diuresis may flush out the stones lacks experimental basis, and this practice increases intrarenal pressure, which is not conducive to the protection of renal function. The use of medications should be antispasmodic, which can be applied anticholinergics, progesterone drugs, calcium-blocking drugs. Indomethacin can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and can act directly on the ureteral wall, in recent years in the clinical application of a certain effect, but oral decomposition by the liver, can not play a large role, need to be anally administered or intravenously input. Patients with obstructive anuria caused by urolithiasis need urgent treatment. The principle of treatment is to relieve obstruction, smooth drainage and prevent complications. 2, elective treatment The principle of elective treatment of stones should depend on the existence of etiology and comorbidities that must be removed, not all stones should be actively treated. For asymptomatic small renal calyx stones, no lithotripsy can be performed for the time being, and palliative therapy such as diet and medication can be used to continue observation. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy and open surgical lithotripsy (which is rarely used) can be used as treatment means. The specific means of treatment need to be based on the patient’s condition and the results of the comprehensive judgment.