As one of the most important methods of treating upper urinary tract stones, it is important to understand what ureteroscopic techniques are. In 1912, Hugh Hampton Young used a pediatric cystoscope to observe a 2-month-old boy with a posterior urethral valve through his dilated ureter all the way to the renal pelvis, thus completing the first “ureteroscopy”. With the application of fiberoptic guidance technology in ureteroscopy in the late 1980s, the ureteroscope has become thinner in internal diameter and clearer in field of view, and with the development of laser and especially flexible ureteroscopy technology in recent years, the ureteroscope can now observe more than 90% of the collecting system, and is widely used in the lithotripsy of ureteral stones, intracavitary treatment of pelvic ureteral stenosis and tumors, and flexible ureteroscopy of complex kidney stones. Lithotripsy. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy is indicated for lower and middle ureteral stones, upper ureteral stones that have failed extracorporeal lithotripsy and “stone streets” formed after lithotripsy, while serious systemic diseases, bleeding diseases and serious urinary tract infections are contraindicated. The procedure is performed under combined lumbar and rigid or general anesthesia, with the patient in the lithotomy position. Possible complications include stone upstaging, bleeding, infection, ureteral perforation, overturning, and avulsion. Among them, stone upward migration mostly occurs in upper ureteral stones, which is related to factors such as ureteral dilatation above the obstruction, large space for stone movement, and ureteral relaxation under anesthesia. As the ureteral stent tube is usually left in place after ureteroscopy, patients should be careful not to hold urine during the tube period and remove the ureteral stent tube 1-3 months after surgery.