Many patients with back pain and hematuria are diagnosed with urinary stones as soon as they go to the hospital for examination, and some of them are even asymptomatic and are found to have urinary stones during physical examination. These patients with urinary stones are often very confused at this time, do not know how to go to treatment, because doctors often recommend different treatments, patients are sometimes skeptical of the treatment recommended by the doctor to ask around, and even go online to search. Therefore, it is especially important for patients to know the conventional treatment methods and indications for urinary stones and to choose the right treatment plan. Generally speaking, urinary stones are treated conservatively with medication, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, minimally invasive laparoscopic treatment, and conventional surgery. If the kidney stone or ureteral stone is very small, less than 6mm, it can be treated conservatively with medication. There are a lot of medications for stone removal and fossilizing, together with drinking water and exercising, the stone can often be discharged. If the stone is larger than 6mm, especially the stone above 8mm, combined with hydronephrosis, it is necessary to use special treatment, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, minimally invasive treatment with laparoscopy, traditional surgery, etc. As to what kind of special treatment, it is necessary to use special treatment. As for the special treatment, it depends on the size of the stone, the number of stones, the location of the stone and the presence of hydronephrosis. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is the least damaging treatment besides medication, almost painless, suitable for kidney stones or ureteral stones below 20mm, generally 1~2 times of treatment is enough, if you still can’t crush the stone to be discharged, don’t do ESWL anymore, because too many times of ESWL will damage the kidneys. The best treatment for lower and middle ureteral stones is ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy or ureteroscopic pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy, which is a kind of minimally invasive treatment, with little damage and fast recovery, but it should be carried out under anesthesia, and can be discharged from the hospital in 3~5 days in general. Stones in the upper ureter can also be treated with ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy or ureteroscopic pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy in addition to extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy as mentioned above, but be careful of knocking the stones into the kidney, and stones too close to the renal pelvis are still better to be treated with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy holmium laser lithotripsy or laparoscopic lithotripsy. For larger kidney stones, especially multiple stones or cast stones, it is suitable to use percutaneous nephrolithotripsy holmium laser lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy, which is also a kind of minimally invasive surgery, but it needs to make a hole in the kidney, and it still has a certain degree of damage to the kidneys, which the patients must understand. The above treatments can basically solve most of the problems of urinary stones, and only a few particularly complicated stones, such as those combined with urinary malformations, urinary tract infections, and severe hydronephrosis, can be considered for traditional surgical treatment.