1, tamoxifen and clomiphene are gynecological drugs, can they also treat male infertility? Tamoxifen is usually used in the treatment of female breast diseases, and Clomiphene is mainly used in women to promote ovulation. Both drugs belong to the anti-estrogen class of drugs, in male medicine, through its anti-estrogen effect is mainly used in the treatment of oligospermia. 2.Can sperm taken out of testicular epididymis do artificial insemination? Sperm taken out by testicular puncture is very few in number and does not have obvious motility, so it cannot be used for artificial insemination. Sperm from epididymal puncture, in general, also due to the small number of reasons, the success rate of artificial insemination is extremely low. In short, the sperm taken out from testicular epididymis cannot be used for artificial insemination. 3. If the testicular biopsy report shows “low spermatogenesis”, does it mean that there is no possibility of fertility? Testicular biopsy report “low spermatogenesis”, according to the traditional treatment methods, it is difficult or impossible to have children. However, with the improvement of microscopic sperm extraction technology and the development of IVF technology, many patients with low testicular spermatogenesis can get sperm through microscopic sperm extraction technology, and then have children through IVF technology. 4. What is hematospermia? Will it affect fertility? Normal semen is grayish white or slightly yellowish. If the ejaculated semen is light red, red or brownish red, or there are blood threads or blood clots, or red blood cells can be seen under the microscope, it is collectively called hematospermia. The main causes of hematospermia are seminal vesiculitis, severe prostatitis, stones in the seminal vesicles and prostate, tuberculosis, injuries, and hematospermia caused by certain tumors of the reproductive system. The quality and vitality of the spermatozoa are impaired in hematospermia, which can affect fertility. 5, testicular size and male infertility what is the relationship between testicles testicles is to maintain male reproductive function and sexual characteristics of the important organs, adult male testicles too big or too small will affect fertility. The volume of testicles in fertile men is 16-25 ml. If the volume of testicles in adults is too small, low sexual function and male infertility often occur. Testicular excess is mostly caused by testicular tumors, epididymal tuberculosis, testicular syringomyelia and other diseases, which can also affect the low quality of sperm and semen, thus leading to infertility. 6. What is varicocele? Varicocele is a condition in which the veins in the spermatic cord are blocked from returning blood for some reason, causing the veins in the spermatic cord to become tortuous, elongated and dilated, forming a worm-like mass in the scrotum, and the patient often feels that the scrotum is enlarged, has a feeling of heaviness and distension, and is aggravated by standing up, walking, or working, and is relieved by lying down and resting. 7. Why can mumps sometimes lead to male infertility? Mumps is an acute respiratory infection caused by the mumps virus. Mumps virus has a special affinity for testicular tissue, so it is easy to be complicated with orchitis. The mumps virus mainly invades the testicular tubules and interstitium, causing degeneration of the tubules and lack of spermatogenic cells, resulting in oligospermia or azoospermia. 8.Does high prolactin affect fertility? How to treat it? When male prolactin is high, the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis will be reduced, and the androgen level will be low, which will cause oligozoospermia or azoospermia, and some of them are accompanied by impotence, thus causing infertility. When the diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia is made, further CT or magnetic resonance imaging of the pterygoid should be done to rule out the presence of pituitary adenomas. Drug treatment usually uses bromocriptine. 9.Can urethritis cause infertility? Urethritis can be divided into two categories: gonorrheal urethritis and nongonococcal urethritis. Urethritis can cause infertility, the reason is mainly because of the inflammation caused by urethral stenosis and obstruction of the urethral opening; such as spreading to the vas deferens, epididymis, etc., can cause obstruction of the vas deferens; concomitant epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate and other inflammation, can affect the quality of semen, so that sperm viability and motility decreased, thus causing infertility. 10, premature ejaculation will cause sterility? The speed of ejaculation varies greatly from person to person, and it can also vary greatly from one person to another under different conditions. Premature ejaculation generally does not affect fertility. It is only when ejaculation occurs before the penis enters the vagina, making it difficult for sperm to enter the female reproductive tract, that infertility can result.