1, open surgical treatment: the following two traditional surgical routes: (1) the inguinal canal spermatic vein high ligation: because of the location of superficial, wide exposure, anatomical variation, local anesthesia and other advantages and commonly used, but the site of more venous branches, lymphatic vessels are rich, while the arterial branches are also more, and venous branches are closely related, if the injury may occur testicular atrophy, clinical data show that The recurrence rate after surgery can be as high as 25%, the incidence of lymphedema is about 3%-40%, and the incidence of testicular atrophy is 0.2%, so it limits its further promotion and application. （The recurrence rate of Palomo procedure is the lowest, but the postoperative incidence of syringomyelia or scrotal hydrocele and aseptic epididymitis is easy to occur, and the incidence rate is 6.6% as reported in the literature. In contrast, the modified Palomo procedure reduces the incidence of syringomyelia or scrotal effusion by simply ligating the arteries and veins in the spermatic cord while preserving other spermatic tissues and avoiding the lymphatic vessels together, thus preventing lymphatic flow obstruction. Compared with traditional Palomo surgery, the incision of modified Palomo surgery is shifted upward, and the operation at this level can not only avoid damaging the subabdominal wall arteries and veins, but also avoid the occurrence of postoperative sphingomyelia or hydrocele, so it is more easily adopted clinically and is the preferred treatment method for unilateral varicocele. 2.Laparoscopic surgical treatment: Laparoscopic spermatic vein high ligation has the advantages of reliable effect, less damage, less complications, simultaneous bilateral surgery, fast recovery and short hospital stay compared with traditional open surgery, so many clinicians believe that laparoscopy is mainly suitable for bilateral laparoscopic high ligation, obesity, history of groin surgery and recurrence after open surgery. The various advantages of laparoscopic high ligation of the spermatic veins over open surgery should be considered for open surgery via the inguinal route or retroperitoneal route, but not for microscopic open surgery via the small incisional route under the external ring. Laparoscopic surgery will entail some intra-abdominal complications, such as bowel, bladder and large vessel injuries. In addition, laparoscopic surgery requires general anesthesia and is difficult to promote in primary hospitals because of the expensive equipment, high medical costs, and limitations of technical personnel. 3.Other treatment: In addition, there are microscopic spermatic vein high ligation, spermatic vein interventional embolization and other treatment methods, which are clinically applied and have good efficacy. (1) Microscopic high ligation of spermatic veins: Microsurgery for varicocele (VAC) has the advantages of low recurrence rate and few complications; microsurgery for VAC with infertility can significantly improve semen quality and increase conception rate. Its main advantage is that it can easily ligate all the draining veins in the spermatic cord except the vas deferens, preserving the arteries, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, thus significantly reducing recurrence and complications such as testicular syringomyelia and testicular atrophy. Therefore, microscopic spermatic vein high ligation (MV) is currently considered as the preferred method for the treatment of VAC. (2) Interventional spermatic vein embolization: With the development of interventional radiology, embolization of the internal spermatic vein or injection of sclerosing agents for the treatment of primary spermatic varicose veins has become a common method in developed countries. This method involves selective or super-selective injection of embolic material such as gelatin sponge, spring steel wire or sclerosing agent into the internal spermatic vein through a catheter in order to occlude the varicose vein. The method is both a diagnostic tool and a good treatment method, but it is necessary to be skilled in venipuncture techniques and indications to avoid serious complications. Catheter method of embolization for varicocele has the advantages of non-surgical and less painful than traditional surgical ligation, and can avoid post-surgical complications such as scrotal edema and hematoma, and its success rate is higher than that of surgical ligation, so it is easy to promote its use because of its advantages. However, the method is an invasive test and the cost is high, which limits its application to some extent.