At the 31st Charing Cross International Congress of Vascular Surgery, hosted by the Royal College London, which just concluded in early April 2009, Professor Ross Naylor from the University of Leicester, UK, said that the conventional wisdom is that the chances of early cerebral infarction after TIA are relatively low, about 1% within 2 days, 2 percent, and about 2-4 percent within 30 days, but the risk of early intervention surgery is higher, so fewer surgeons are performing early interventions. These conventional wisdoms are wrong, he noted. A number of recent meta-analysis studies have found that delayed carotid endarterectomy increases the chances of cerebral infarction significantly, with the true incidence being more than seven times the traditional perception of the incidence of cerebral infarction. Professor Naylor noted that patients benefited less when surgery was performed four weeks after the onset of TIA. If operated within two weeks, patients benefit greatly, and then operated after 12 weeks patients benefit little.” Also Prof. Naylor believes that early surgery is especially important for female patients, and the earlier the surgery the greater the benefit for patients.