Cerebrospinal fluid circulates between the brain and the spinal cord. Most of the cerebrospinal fluid is stored in the ventricles. The ventricles are large spaces in the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced. When hydrocephalus occurs, the volume of the brain increases due to the large amount of cerebrospinal fluid that accumulates. The resulting increase in pressure in the brain tissue can lead to a range of neurological symptoms. In contrast, ventriculoperitoneal drainage of water can improve brain symptoms. This procedure should be performed as soon as hydrocephalus is diagnosed, especially in children, and should be performed early. The procedure is performed in the operating room under general anesthesia. A small incision will be made in the skull to facilitate drainage. A catheter is placed in the ventricle with a small pump to keep the cerebrospinal fluid flowing, and the other end is placed in the abdomen to connect the ventricle to the abdomen. Ventriculoperitoneal drainage is extremely important in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus to prevent damage to brain tissue. The more common complications of this drainage procedure are failure of drainage and drainage infection. If the drainage tube is functioning properly, it can usually be left in place for many years.