Although surgical resection is the first choice in liver cancer treatment, the key to achieve satisfactory results is early diagnosis. Historically, early detection of liver cancer is difficult, and once detected, it is mostly in the middle or late stage. According to the statistics, the surgical resection rate is 5%-25%, and the survival rate is only 30% in 1 year after surgery, and the quality of survival is poor. Interventional therapy mainly based on hepatic artery chemoembolization (TACE) has achieved definite efficacy and is considered as the preferred method in non-surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, and has become an effective measure before second-stage surgery. In addition, with the emergence of microcatheter super-selective cannulation technology, local interventional treatment of tumor can be performed without basically damaging normal liver tissues, which is of great clinical significance for patients with combined cirrhosis and poor liver function reserve. In the past 20 years, interventional scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of work and achieved promising results in the interventional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, and explored many effective interventional treatment methods. They are broadly divided into two categories: percutaneous transvascular treatment techniques and percutaneous non-vascular treatment techniques. 1. percutaneous transvascular treatment techniques 1.1 hepatic arterial embolization (TAE) TAE is developed on the basis of super-selective hepatic arteriography. 1976 Goldstein first reported the clinical application of this method. In China, Lin Gui first reported the clinical application of using TAE for HCC in 1983. Later, with the development and application of various embolic agents, TAE has been used more and more widely in clinical practice for palliative treatment of inoperable or postoperative recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma cases, and has even become an optional method alongside with surgical resection. In recent years, based on the technology of TAE, many new embolization methods have been carried out and promoted clinically with good therapeutic effects, such as: combined hepatic artery-portal vein embolization (TAPVE), hepatic subsegmental embolization (THSAE), etc. 1.2 Combined hepatic artery-portal vein embolization (TAPVE) TAE is performed simultaneously with percutaneous portal vein puncture to embolize the portal branches of the segment where the tumor is located, and this technique often uses real-time fluoroscopic monitoring of the placement. The rate of necrosis was higher in the TAE group. Nakamura suggested that iodine oil in excess of a certain limit could return from the hepatic sinusoids to the small branches of the portal vein and act as a portal vein embolization. This purpose. Coaxial catheterization, drug-assisted methods (e.g., vasoconstrictors), or direct superselective catheter insertion are often used. It is indicated in cases where the tumor is located in a single or a few hepatic segments or subsegments, with or without subfoci, or in patients who are not suitable for conventional hepatic artery embolization due to severe abnormal liver function. 1, 4 Temporary blockade of the hepatic vein followed by hepatic artery chemoembolization (TAE-THVO) For limited hepatic lobar and segmental tumors and those with arteriovenous fistulae. The arteriogram under the blocked hepatic vein was found to have an increase in the number of arteries in the visualization by Kim Saw-right et al. This method can avoid embolic agent into the body circulation and make TAE treatment feasible for patients with arteriovenous fistula, while increasing the concentration of local chemotherapeutic agents and acting as TAPVE. 1.5 Sandwich therapy: Embolization of the distal segment of the hepatic artery with iodine-containing oil, infusion of chemotherapeutic agents, and then embolization of the proximal segment of the artery. Clinical studies have shown that this method can cause complete necrosis of small tumors and a significant decrease in AFP. 1.6 Multiple arterial perfusion embolization Hepatocellular carcinoma often has parasitic arteries or vagus arteries, embolization of these side branches along with embolization of hepatic artery can greatly improve the efficacy. 1.7 Permanent hepatic artery embolization Studies have shown that the internal diameter of the artery embolized by different embolic agents varies. The artery embolized by gelatin sponge particles is in the middle artery of 1200-1500μm; while microspheres and alcohol can enter the micro-artery of about 100μm in diameter and are not absorbed, and some scholars call the embolization performed by such embolic agents permanent hepatic artery embolization. 1,8 Hepatic arterial infusion (transcatheter arterial infusion,TAI) TAI technique was applied in the clinic before TAE. However, TAI alone has poor effect on the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, and it is rarely used alone in clinical application now. Some scholars use balloon to block the blood flow for intra-arterial drug infusion, which can increase the drug concentration in the tumor area (30 times), and the drug stays for a long time, and the effect is better than general infusion. Yang Jijin et al. achieved better efficacy by heating and reperfusion of chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Some other scholars have used arterial boosting method to perfuse chemotherapeutic drugs by taking advantage of the poor response of tumor arteries to vasoactive substances. 1,9 Implantable port system The implantation of catheter and perfusion pump can be done surgically through the abdomen or through the femoral or subclavian artery. Shan Hong et al. applied this method to treat metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma and found that those with liver metastases from gastrointestinal cancer had better outcomes, with a median survival of 17,6 months and 1 and 2 year survival rates of 68,4% and 39,5%, respectively. 1.10 Intra-arterial embolization combined with internal radiation therapy This method can not only embolize and block the blood supply of tumor more thoroughly, but also implement radiation killing effect in tumor tissue with high concentration of internal radiation source and low local radiation reaction. The 90Y glass microspheres and 32P glass microspheres made in China have been used in clinical practice and have achieved satisfactory efficacy. In addition, in order to block the parasitic blood vessels of hepatocellular carcinoma, Iwamoto used silicone rubber film implanted on the surface of liver, and then performed TAE and portal perfusion therapy, and the survival of patients was prolonged, and some people called this method as isolation therapy. 2.1. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEI) In 1983, Sugiura et al. successfully treated experimental mouse liver cancer foci by injecting anhydrous ethanol, and after Livraghi reported the clinical application of anhydrous ethanol for small liver cancer in 1983, this method was gradually promoted. Clinical studies of such cases were also reported by Liu Limin et al. in China. In addition, some scholars have shown that anhydrous ethanol injection at 60℃～70℃ can induce tumor necrosis, which is called HOT PEI. the ideal indication for PEI is tumor diameter ≤3cm and no more than 3 nodules. Its main disadvantages are that it requires multiple punctures, multiple courses of treatment and multiple amounts of anhydrous ethanol, and it cannot kill tumors that cannot be detected by current imaging, and it is not ideal for blood-rich and giant hepatocellular carcinoma. 2.2 Percutaneous acetic acid injection therapy (PAI) is similar to PEI in terms of puncture technique, treatment method and mechanism of action, but the dose and number of treatments used are significantly reduced. Zhuang Zhenwu used 50% acetic acid and anhydrous ethanol to treat Walkar-256 rat hepatocellular carcinoma, and the quantitative analysis of tumor necrosis was 90%-100% and 64%-90%, suggesting that 50% acetic acid can replace anhydrous ethanol to achieve better efficacy. 2, 3 Direct injection chemotherapy (DICT) Some scholars advocate adding ultrasound-guided DICT after TAI/TAE and believe that its survival rate is higher than that of single treatment, but no large group of cases have been reported.