Wang Qiang is 18 years old and is at the age where he can join the army, and the boy is very eager to become a member of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. He signed up for the medical examination and passed all the other medical tests, but he was stuck at the vision level. The examination revealed that the visual acuity of the right eye was 1.0 and that of the left eye was 0.3. The examination at our hospital revealed that there was no significant abnormality in the right eye, while the left eye had +6.0D hyperopia and the corrected visual acuity was only 0.4 after wearing glasses, and the diagnosis was: bilateral refractive error and amblyopia in the left eye. This patient had this vision problem since he was a child. When he was in kindergarten, the doctor had recommended that the child wear glasses to cover the amblyopia in the healthy eye, but the child refused to cooperate with the treatment and his parents did not pay attention to it, and psychologically they were not very willing to accept glasses for the child. Unfortunately, because the corrected vision of the left eye did not meet the requirements, the child was unable to fulfill his dream of becoming a soldier. From the above example, we probably have some idea of what amblyopia is all about. Amblyopia is a developmental disease, and it is known that there are more than 300 million children in China, of which the prevalence of childhood amblyopia is 2.8%. In other words, there are about 10 million children with amblyopia. This shows that the number of children with amblyopia in China is quite significant. Parents would like to know: Why do children get amblyopia? What should be done about pediatric amblyopia? What are the more effective medical treatments for pediatric amblyopia today? Amblyopia is usually defined as a condition in which the eye has no obvious organic pathology and the corrected visual acuity is lower than that of a normal child of the same age. Amblyopia is a developmental disruption, obstruction and inhibition of the visual system by certain factors, resulting in insufficient effective stimulation of visual cells and impaired development and deprivation of visual function. For example, if a child has strabismus, the development of visual function in the strabismic eye will be inhibited to form strabismic amblyopia; congenital hyperopia or early postnatal hyperopia or astigmatism, due to the high degree, the presentation of blurred image, will also cause the inhibition of visual development. Bilateral refractive error is more likely to cause amblyopia, especially in hyperopic refractive error, where the eye with the lower degree of refractive error provides a relatively clear retinal image and the brain selects the image of that eye and suppresses the blurred image of the eye with the higher degree of refractive error, resulting in amblyopia in that eye. Amblyopia can also occur in infancy and early childhood due to cataracts and droopy eyelids. Children with amblyopia may have low vision and continue to have poor vision even after wearing glasses. Of course, there may also be other abnormalities in visual function. If left untreated and the sensitive period of treatment is missed, as in the case of our patient, it will inevitably have an impact on school and work in the future. The cure rate of amblyopia is very high, up to 80% to 90%, the key is early detection and early treatment, before the child is 6 years old, the cure rate is very high, after 12 years old treatment is relatively difficult. Children with amblyopia usually have no complaints, but are found to have abnormalities during visual acuity tests, so early screening is important for the detection of amblyopia. For children whose vision cannot be measured, we can observe them through everyday behaviors, such as whether they squint, bring objects closer to their eyes, have strabismus, etc., or refuse to block a glance. Vision screening at childcare facilities is a very important part of the process, and if there is a significant difference in vision between the two eyes, or if the vision of both eyes is significantly lower than that of children of the same age, it is immediately recommended that the child be examined at a hospital. It is generally recommended to go to a specialized hospital for screening around the age of 3. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the earlier treatment can be started and the best results can be achieved. Through detailed eye examinations and dilated eye examinations, it is important for children with amblyopia to determine the nature and degree of refractive error. For children with amblyopia, 1% atropine drops or ointment are generally used to paralyze the ciliary muscle under the examination combined with subjective insertion. Since children’s vision is in the process of continuous development and the refractive state is constantly changing, regular follow-up is usually done in 3 to 6 months, and re-testing is required in 6 to 12 months, and if there are large changes, glasses are re-prescribed. Understand the causes of low vision in children and take targeted measures, such as prescription of glasses. The key to amblyopia treatment and its efficacy depends on the time of starting treatment, and the effectiveness of treatment depends on age, degree of amblyopia and compliance with treatment. General treatment includes treatment of the primary disease, such as congenital cataract, which requires early cataract removal surgery. Since most children with amblyopia have refractive error, refractive correction is first performed with appropriate glasses or contact lenses. The masking method is still the main and most effective method of treatment for amblyopia. This eliminates the inhibition of the amblyopic eye by the dominant eye in the competition between the two eyes, forcing the amblyopic eye to focus, improving the fixation ability of the amblyopic eye and improving visual acuity. In addition to conventional masking, the patient can be made to do some work with the amblyopic eye with fine vision according to the age and visual acuity of the amblyopic eye. Of course, there are now many computerized training CDs designed according to the characteristics of children, which add fun and at the same time provide spatial and temporal stimulation to the amblyopic eye, and are much more acceptable to children. The diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia is of great importance to the healthy growth of children. Amblyopia treatment is a long-term process, and although the treatment itself is relatively inexpensive, the treatment period is long and requires regular review, so parental support and encouragement is as important as a patient and experienced doctor.