Indications for pediatric bronchoscopy mainly include: 1, trachea, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and malformations: trachea, bronchial achondroplasia, tracheal cricoid cartilage, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, congenital malformations of trachea, bronchus and lung. 2, pulmonary atelectasis:x-ray findings of persistent lobar or segmental atelectasis and pneumonia should be bronchoscopically examined and treated, even requiring multiple lavage treatments. 3, hemoptysis or blood in sputum: hemoptysis has many causes, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial tuberculosis, inflammatory lesions of the lung (bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung abscess and granuloma, etc.) and tumors. Pathogenic and pathological examinations can be done by bronchoscopy. 4.Chronic cough and recurrent respiratory infections:It can be caused by various factors such as asthma, foreign body, gastric-esophageal reflux and abnormal tracheal development, which need to be differentially diagnosed. 5.Limited wheezing: This syndrome suggests local narrowing of the large airways, which may be caused by inflammation, tuberculosis, tumors, foreign bodies in the bronchi, or by enlarged parabronchial lymph nodes, enlarged thyroid gland behind the sternum, or mediastinal masses compressing the airways, and needs to be differentiated. 6, lung mass lesions: including masses, abscesses, tuberculosis and parasites, etc., which require localization and biopsy for differential diagnosis. 7, diffuse lung disease: including interstitial lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nodular disease, eosinophilic pneumonia, alveolar protein deposition and other chronic lung diseases need to be differentially diagnosed. 8, lung infectious diseases: pathogenic examination by bronchoscopy, and lavage treatment can be performed. 9, bronchial – tuberculosis: through the bronchoscope directly from the lesion to take material to find tuberculosis bacilli or do pathological examination. 10.Removal of airway foreign body: Bronchoscopy is not as convenient as hard bronchoscopy to remove larger foreign bodies. The effect on the removal of deep bronchial foreign body is exact. 11.Tracheobronchial laceration or rupture: Bronchoscopy can often make a clear diagnosis of trauma to the chest and suspected tracheobronchial laceration or rupture. 12.Tracheal intubation: For children with neck disorders who have difficulty in posterior elevation and cannot apply direct laryngoscopic intubation, bronchoscopy can be used to guide tracheal intubation. 13.Pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative diagnosis and auxiliary diagnosis of thoracic surgery. 14.Application in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU): If a critically ill child admitted to PICU has difficulty in tracheal intubation, cannot be detubated after ventilator treatment or fails to be extubated, and airway malformation or obstruction is suspected, the diagnosis can be clarified by bronchoscopy. Severe pulmonary infections can be treated by bronchoscopy to obtain specimens for pathogenic testing and irrigation.