Bronchial tuberculosis, also known as endobronchialtuberculosis (EBTB), is tuberculosis that occurs in the trachea, bronchial mucosa, and submucosa. The incidence of EBTB is generally thought to be two to three times higher in women than in men, and more common in young and middle-aged people, but there is an increasing trend of EBTB in the elderly. The main bronchi, upper, middle and lingual lobe bronchi of both lungs are the prevalent sites, with the left side more often than the right. The most common route of infection in adults with EBTB is direct implantation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the bronchial mucosa from intrapulmonary lesions, followed by invasion of the bronchial mucosa from intrapulmonary lesions through peribronchial tissues; Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also first invade the submucosa of the bronchus via hematogenous dissemination and lymphatic drainage, and then involve the mucosal layer. In children, EBTB is usually caused by bronchial erosion from adjacent mediastinal lymphatic tuberculosis, resulting in tuberculous bronchitis. Primary bronchial tuberculosis is extremely rare. Guo Xinmei, Department of Tuberculosis, Shandong Chest Hospital, has a positive rate of 4.3% to 68.8% for routine sputum antacid staining microscopy, with most reports below 30%. The positive rate of sputum tuberculosis branching bacillus culture ranged from 10.7% to 100%. The reasons for the low positivity rate of bacteriological examination may be multiple, such as poorly draining bronchi, necrotic material containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis not easily expelled from the body or the brush not easily brushing tuberculous secretions, low sputum bacterial content, submucosal infiltration of lesions, proliferating lesions in a relatively quiescent state, different case selection and detection methods, etc. The common microscopic manifestations of EBTB are mucosal hypertrophic stenosis (43%), congestion and edema (20.6%), erosion and ulceration (18.2%), and scar stenosis (18.2%), with varying degrees of bronchial stenosis up to 90% or more. . The biggest complication caused by tracheal and bronchial tuberculosis is tracheal stenosis and occlusion, and the incidence of bronchial stenosis can reach 68% within 4-6 months of the onset of EBTB, which will further increase with time and eventually lead to pulmonary atelectasis, followed by poor tracheal drainage, resulting in sputum retention in the trachea and repeated aggravation of endotracheal lesions, at which time the effect of simple systemic anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy is poor and drug resistance is easily formed. The effect of systemic antituberculosis chemotherapy alone is not good at this time, and drug-resistant tuberculosis is easily formed. Therefore, on the basis of regular anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, local treatment via tracheoscopy is effective and has a good prognosis! These include aspiration of secretions and thick sputum, clamping of cheese lesions in the tracheal wall, microwave, laser, freezing, and even endotracheal stent placement, etc. Intratracheal injection of anti-tuberculosis drugs is also an effective method. Early inflammatory infiltrates and exudates are effective; middle and late stages with granulomatous proliferation and fibrous scars are not effective.