A nodule in the thyroid gland with localized lymph enlargement is considered to be a malignant disease of the thyroid gland. The causes include family genetic factors, personal factors, and acquired factors, and in some cases, exposure to radioactive substances. In addition, there are benign lesions of the thyroid gland that can easily become malignant as the disease progresses. Malignant tumors of the thyroid specifically include papillary, follicular, undifferentiated, and medullary carcinomas. Many patients can be clearly identified by physical examination as an occupying lesion or a neck mass, and ultrasound may further indicate occupying changes in the gland. Patients with early diagnosis should be actively treated with surgery and lymph node dissection in the neck, and should be followed up and observed regularly after surgery, mainly with thyroid function tests and oral thyroxine tablets.