I. What are urinary stones? Urinary stones, also known as urolithiasis, include kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, urethral stones, the most common are kidney stones and ureteral stones, most of them are formed by the deposition and precipitation of substances in urine under the influence of various factors, which is a result of abnormal mineralization in the body. Most urinary stones contain calcium, so they can be seen on X-rays and are called positive stones, and a few stones, such as The stones in milk powder are uric acid stones, which cannot be seen on X-ray, and they are called negative stones. Second, which urinary stones need lithotripsy? Among urinary stones, most of those smaller than 0.4cm can be excreted by themselves and do not need lithotripsy. Generally, uric acid stones can be excreted by dissolving the stones through alkalinization of urine, and even larger ones can be excreted without lithotripsy. If the stone is larger than 0.6cm, it is less likely to be discharged by itself, and usually requires extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or intracorporeal lithotripsy. 1.Dietary treatment, such as drinking more water, eating less seafood, animal offal, reducing calcium supplementation, etc.; 2.Exercise and posture treatment, such as skipping rope, jumping stairs, practicing inversion, etc.; 3.Medication, such as diuretic, ureteral dilatation, lithotripsy, etc.; 4.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, which is a kind of treatment known by the majority of patients, is less painful and effective, but generally for small stones, large stones are either not effective, or have formed “stone streets”. 5.Intracorporeal lithotripsy, including percutaneous nephrolithoscopy, ureteroscopy, cystoscopy lithotripsy, is the main treatment method for large stones, and extracorporeal lithotripsy is ineffective; 6.Open surgery, which is the traditional open surgery, has been phased out because it is very traumatic. . Holmium laser lithotripsy is a laser excited by the rare element holmium, which is a laser with more applications in the field of surgery, especially in the field of urology, and can be introduced into the body through optical fiber to break up stones. Slim, about a few hair-thin, can be treated by minimally invasive ways, such as ureteroscopy and cystourethroscopy, basically no damage to human tissue, the same as normal people after treatment, and percutaneous nephrolithoscopy, there is only a small hole of about 1cm on the skin, and it is basically invisible after it is well.