Kidney stones are stones that occur in the renal calyces, renal pelvis, and the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter. They can occur at any age, but most occur in young adults. In addition to the typical clinical symptoms, a series of complications may occur, such as urinary tract obstruction, local injury, infection, renal insufficiency, and renal calcium deposits. 1. Urinary obstruction: The clinical manifestations of obstruction in kidney stones vary greatly due to the different degrees of urgency of onset. Although they can eventually cause hydronephrosis, hydronephrosis is not always the main clinical manifestation. Sometimes hydronephrosis has no clinical symptoms, and in some cases it is not detected until hydronephrosis reaches a serious level, when a mass appears in the abdomen and renal insufficiency, or even anuria. 2.Local injury: Small and mobile stones have very light damage to local tissues, while large and fixed deerstalker stones can cause the epithelial cells of renal calyces and pelvis to fall off, ulcers, fibrous tissue hyperplasia, neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration, resulting in fibrosis. 3, infection: kidney stone patients with urinary tract infection clinically often manifested as fever, back pain, pus cells in the urine. When stones are combined with infection, the growth of stones and damage to the kidney parenchyma can be accelerated. 4, renal insufficiency: renal insufficiency occurs in patients with kidney stones due to renal insufficiency when the kidney stones are combined with urinary tract obstruction, especially bilateral urinary tract obstruction or on top of that, serious infection. The method to determine renal function is not only to detect serum urea nitrogen, creatinine and endogenous creatinine clearance, but also to use intravenous pyelogram and judge it according to the time and concentration of contrast agent discharge.