Primary liver cancer is one of the most common tumors with a high degree of malignancy worldwide. It occurs worldwide, mainly in the Pacific coast of Asia and the southeastern part of Africa. There are approximately 500,000-1 million new cases each year, ranking 7th in the mortality rate of malignant tumors. The incidence rate of liver cancer in these high incidence areas is generally above 30/100,000, while Australia, Europe, North America and other regions are low incidence areas with incidence rates below 5/100,000. The global prevalence trend of liver cancer shows. Among people aged 15 years or older, the incidence of primary liver cancer in developed countries is on the rise, while in developing countries it is on the decline. It has also been reported that the incidence and mortality of liver cancer in the United States and France as well as some European countries have a significant increasing trend. The geographical distribution of liver cancer in China is characterized by higher incidence in coastal than inland areas, higher incidence in southeast and northeast than in northwest, north and southwest China, and higher incidence in coastal islands and river estuaries than in other coastal areas. The climate of high incidence areas is characterized by warm, humid and rainy, while it is a low incidence area in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau. In general, the ratio of male to female liver cancer is 7-10:1, that is, the number of male liver cancer patients is 7-10 times that of female. There is no definite explanation as to why men are the high-risk group for liver cancer. However, many medical experts have analyzed that estrogen in women’s body has some antagonistic effect on certain pathogenic factors of liver cancer. Many people think that alcohol consumption can directly cause liver cancer, but in fact, alcohol consumption is not a direct cause of liver cancer, but alcohol can promote the occurrence and progress of liver cancer, and long-term alcoholism can easily induce liver cancer. After alcohol enters the body, it is mainly decomposed and metabolized in the liver. The toxicity of alcohol to liver cells causes the disruption of fatty acid decomposition and metabolism in liver cells, resulting in fatty liver due to fat deposition in the liver. The more alcohol is consumed, the more serious the fatty liver will be, thus causing liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Heavy alcohol consumption by hepatitis patients will greatly accelerate the formation and development of liver cirrhosis and promote the occurrence of liver cancer. 3.What are the causes of liver cancer? (1) Viral hepatitis: mainly hepatitis B and C virus infection, especially hepatitis B and hepatitis B virus carriers, the incidence of primary liver cancer is 2 to 100 times higher than normal people; in areas with high incidence of liver cancer, about 20% of people may be hepatitis B or hepatitis B virus carriers. (2) Aflatoxin (AFT): Aflatoxin B is the most important carcinogenic substance. It is suitable for growth and reproduction in high temperature and high humidity climate, especially in summer moldy food and cereals, feed, etc., most likely to be contaminated by aflatoxin, long-term consumption of food containing this toxin can induce liver cancer, is one of the causes of liver cancer. (3) Water pollution: Serious pollution of drinking water quality is one of the important causes of liver cancer, especially contaminated ditch water, followed by river water and lowest well water. Therefore, in villages without running water facilities, drinking water from wells should be promoted. (4) Chemical carcinogens: chemical substances that can cause liver cancer are mainly N-nitroso compounds, such as nitrosamines and nitrosamides. In addition, pesticides, alcohol, safrole, etc. can also induce liver cancer. (5) Other factors: Excessive nutrition (large amount of nutrients) or nutritional deficiency (such as vitamin A and B1 deficiency), hemochromatosis, parasitic infection and heredity are also risk factors to induce liver cancer. (6) Immune status: It is believed that the plasma of liver cancer patients contains a kind of confinement factor, which can inhibit cellular immunity and protect liver cancer cells from being killed by immune cells. It has been proved that AFP can inhibit the phagocytosis of lymphocytes and macrophages. (7) Gene mutation: In recent years, it has also been suggested that the activation of hepatocyte division reaction pathway stimulated by mutagen and viral effects in the environment, causing point mutations and gene translocations in cells, is a possible factor to accelerate the proliferation of cancer cells. In addition, the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma is also associated with the deregulation of the cell cycle by non-hematopoietic nuclear proteins, as well as intra- and extracellular factors such as cyclic nucleotides, hormones, peptides, growth factors and polyamines.