1. What is osteoporosis and what is osteopenia? It is currently believed that osteoporosis is a disease phenomenon characterized by a decrease in bone mass, damage to the microstructure of bone, and an increase in bone fragility, which leads to an increased risk of bone fracture. When the above-mentioned phenomenon is present and the patient has certain clinical symptoms caused by osteoporosis, such as low back pain, it is called osteoporosis. 2, osteoporosis is divided into several major categories osteoporosis is divided into three major categories. The first category is primary osteoporosis, which is further divided into two types, namely type I (postmenopausal osteoporosis) and type II (senile osteoporosis). This is a “physiological” degenerative disease that occurs with aging or after menopause in women, and is one of the most common diseases in the middle-aged and elderly population and the current focus of prevention and treatment. The second category is secondary osteoporosis, which is induced by other diseases or drugs, and when the cause is eliminated, osteoporosis can be significantly improved. The third category is idiopathic osteoporosis, which commonly occurs in adolescents or adults between the ages of 8 and 14. This group of patients has a family history of osteoporosis and is more common in women than men. Some people also include osteoporosis that occurs during pregnancy and lactation in women in the scope of idiopathic osteoporosis. 3.What is the incidence of osteoporosis in China? According to the statistics of some provinces and cities in China, the incidence of osteoporosis in people over 60 years old is about 59.89%. The annual incidence of fracture complicated by osteoporosis is about 9.6%, and the trend is increasing year by year. 4.Why osteoporosis patients are prone to fractureThe English name of osteoporosis is osteoporosis, which means a bone full of pores. Imagine, when a piece of material that we think is hard is full of pores or air bubbles, its strength will not be affected? The main reasons why osteoporosis patients are prone to fractures are related to the following factors: ① When osteoporosis occurs in the bones, although the shape of the bones does not appear to be different from normal bones from the outside, the microstructure of the bones has unknowingly changed. With the loss of bone minerals and bone matrix in the bone, many pores are formed in the originally dense bone trabeculae, and the bone trabeculae become thinner and thinner or even fracture, resulting in a decrease in the bone’s ability to withstand various loads (bone strength). Under the same external force, the chances of fracture of osteoporotic bones naturally increase. ②Bone loss in patients with osteoporosis is dominated by bone matrix. Bone matrix is an important substance for maintaining bone toughness, and loss of bone matrix can cause increased brittleness and decreased toughness of bone. Lack of tolerance of bone to external forces (decreased bending resistance) is also the cause of increased fracture rate in osteoporotic patients. (3) Most patients with osteoporosis are elderly people. Due to the gradual aging of the organism, elderly people have reduced muscle tissue elasticity, lost the protection and coordination of bone, and have a poorer ability to respond to sudden events. According to a study published by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), one in every five elderly men has osteoporosis. In fact, as men reach middle age (after the age of 40), the production of testosterone steroid hormones in the body also tends to decline, and bone mass is also lost gradually and slowly. Therefore, the risk of osteoporosis in men exists, but the age of occurrence is generally 10-15 years later than that of women. 6, what are the risk factors leading to osteoporosis ① genetic factors; ② nutritional imbalance: long-term calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency, long-term consumption of high-fiber foods, as well as people with partial food, fear of food habits may cause osteoporosis; ③ insufficient activity; ④ bad habits: long-term alcohol abuse, smoking and addiction to caffeine-containing foods such as coffee, strong tea, cola, soft drinks, etc.; ⑤ taking Certain drugs: long-term use of certain drugs such as steroid hormones, diuretics, antibiotics, anti-blood coagulants and chemotherapy, etc., are likely to lead to a decrease in bone density. 7, why postmenopausal women are prone to osteoporosis The reason why postmenopausal women are prone to osteoporosis is related to the lack of estrogen in women after menopause. The mechanism of action may be through the following channels: ① Estrogen has the function of promoting the secretion of calcitonin and inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts. In estrogen deficiency, the inhibitory effect of calcitonin on osteoclasts is diminished. Increased osteoclast activity can lead to increased bone attraction and osteoporosis; ② estrogen deficiency inhibits the secretion of parathyroid hormone in the body. Since parathyroid hormone is the catalyst for the kidney to convert inactive vitamin D into active vitamin D, when parathyroid hormone secretion is insufficient, active vitamin D production is reduced, intestinal attraction of calcium is reduced, and insufficient raw materials for bone production lead to osteoporosis. 8.Why does calcium supplementation alone sometimes fail to prevent osteoporosis ① Numerous factors (such as vitamin D) are required to participate in the process of calcium attraction and excretion. The lack of any one factor may lead to abnormal calcium absorption or excretion, thus affecting the absorption and utilization of calcium; ② In addition to calcium ions in the process of bone growth and development, you also need the help of some other nutritional factors. For example, vitamin K can help your body make a protein to assist in maintaining strong bones. Once these nutritional factors are lacking, the onset of osteoporosis is still possible. 9. Can drinking more milk prevent osteoporosis? The answer is obviously yes. In the food we eat every day, the nutrients and calcium content contained in milk is relatively high, about 100-120 mg of calcium per 100 ml of milk, and the calcium in milk is easily absorbed and utilized by the body. 10, what role do vitamins play in bone metabolism vitamins play an important role in maintaining bone growth, development, metabolism, especially vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin K role can not be ignored, when these vitamin deficiencies, can cause disorders in bone metabolism and bone growth stagnation, and even lead to the occurrence of osteoporosis. 11, the treatment of osteoporosis often use drugs ① inhibit bone resorption drugs: mainly calcium, estrogen, calcitonin, vitamin D, isoproterenol and diphosphonates; ② promote bone formation drugs: including parathyroid hormone, growth hormone and certain growth factors, fluoride, vitamin K2, androgens and anabolic hormones, etc.; ③ Chinese medicine: currently more domestic use (3) Chinese herbal medicine: currently, there are more drugs used in China for nourishing Yin and tonifying kidney. 12.What are the common calcium preparations? The calcium preparations commonly used in clinical practice are divided into two categories: inorganic calcium and organic calcium. Inorganic calcium includes: calcium chloride, calcium lactate, calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium citrate, active calcium and so on. Organic calcium includes calcium L-menthol, etc. 13.How safe is the long-term use of calcium In general, calcium is a very safe nutrient, long-term, moderate (less than 1500 mg/day) use, for most people, will not bring trouble, generally advocate a small amount, multiple doses, in favor of calcium absorption. However, for patients with a history of kidney stones or a family history of kidney stones, long-term use of calcium may lead to an increased risk of stone formation. For middle-aged and elderly patients who rely on dairy products for calcium supplementation, it is best to use low-fat or nonfat dairy products to avoid hyperlipidemia.