Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common clinical acute thoracic surgical condition seen in patients of all ages, with younger patients being more likely to be thin and tall. Clinically, patients mostly present with sudden onset of chest pain and inspiratory distress, mostly occurring during exertion, stress and strenuous activity. Causes of spontaneous pneumothorax: young patients are mostly due to rupture of pulmonary blisters, and older patients are mostly suffering from herpetic emphysema, which is also due to rupture of pulmonary blisters. Other rare causes include tuberculosis, lung cancer, and lung abscess caused by rupture of the lung. The diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax needs to be determined by symptoms, signs and x-ray chest radiographs. Once the diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax is established, if the lung compression is less than 20%, the patient can be hospitalized for observation, apply antibiotics to prevent infection, and wait for the lung to fully reopen. If the lung compression is more than 20%, a closed chest drain should be placed immediately to drain the gas out of the chest cavity to reopen the lung, during which antibiotics should be applied to prevent infection. After the lung is completely reopened, a CT examination of the chest should be performed to understand the cause of spontaneous pneumothorax. If the pneumothorax is caused by rupture of the pulmonary blister, immediate surgical treatment is needed, otherwise it will recur. If no lung lesion is found in the chest CT examination, surgery is not needed for the time being, but the patient still has the possibility of recurrence in the future. If the patient has three consecutive cases of pneumothorax, surgery is needed at this time. At present, the surgery mostly adopts TV thoracoscopic pneumonectomy, which is less traumatic, faster recovery, safe and beautiful, and favored by young patients. Since this operation was carried out in 2001, hundreds of patients have been cured without any sequelae.