Treatment principle: According to the different types of pneumothorax, we should carry out exhaustion appropriately to relieve the obstacle of breathing and circulation caused by the pneumothorax, so that the lung can be reopened as soon as possible and restore the function, and also to treat the complications and original diseases. Exhaustion therapy: According to the symptoms, signs, X-ray and intrathoracic pressure measurement results, determine what type of pneumothorax it is, whether it needs immediate exhaustion therapy, and what method is appropriate if exhaustion is needed. Second, other treatment: according to the patient’s condition, appropriate oxygen administration, and treatment of the original disease. Prevention and treatment of chest infection (cefradine, cefaclor) as well as cough expectoration (ammonium chloride), analgesia (fenpropidin), rest, and supportive therapy should also be paid attention to. II,Treatment and care of pneumothorax Current general condition: somewhat painful The clinical manifestation of pneumothorax depends on the speed of pneumothorax formation, the degree of lung compression and the severity of the original disease. Most patients can have triggers such as forceful coughing, exercise or weight bearing before the onset, but many cases can also be absent. Typical symptoms are sudden onset of chest pain in the chest ipsilateral to the pneumothorax, followed by chest tightness, shortness of breath, dyspnea and irritating cough. Nowadays there are many options for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. 1.Oxygen can increase the gas pressure gradient between the pleural cavity and the tissue, which promotes the absorption of nitrogen and other gases in the chest cavity at the same time. Therefore, oxygen inhalation is the basic measure of pneumothorax treatment, and the usual amount of oxygen inhalation is 2L/min. 2.Simple suction After local disinfection and anesthesia, a small catheter is placed between the 4th and 5th ribs in the anterior axillary line, connected with a tee connector, and suction is performed until the gas cannot be extracted or when sudden coughing occurs. Those who fail in suction treatment should be placed with chest tube treatment. 3.Closed chest tube drainage Closed chest tube drainage is simple and easy to perform, and is suitable for most patients who fail to be treated by simple suction, and is the most common method for treating various pneumothoraxes at present. 4.Surgical treatment Combining other operations between dissection or thoracoscopy is the main means to prevent recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax. For example, the recurrence rate of pneumothorax after mechanical pleural abrasion or pleural dissection between dissection and thoracotomy can be reduced to 2-5% and 1%, respectively. The purpose of both operations is to eliminate the macula to promote healing of the fissure. Indications include: persistent air leakage; recurrent pneumothorax; spontaneous bilateral pneumothorax; and patients who have a first pneumothorax but are in a high-risk occupation, such as divers or pilots. Generally, after the surgery of pneumothorax, it should be noted that; 1. Postoperative bed rest should be in a comfortable and quiet environment. 2.Avoid exertion and breath-holding action, keep the bowels unobstructed, and effective measures should be taken if the bowels are not relieved for more than 2 days. 3.Patients should quit smoking, usually pay attention to nutrition, intake of adequate protein, vitamins, not picky, not partial food, appropriate into the coarse cellulose food, in order to enhance the body resistance. 4.Do not do pulling action and contouring chest exercise for 3 to 6 months after pneumothorax discharge to prevent inducing pneumothorax. 5.Prevent upper respiratory tract infection and avoid violent coughing.