Indications for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: 1. All kidney stones requiring open surgical intervention, including complete and incomplete deerstalker stones, ≥2 cm kidney stones, symptomatic stones in the renal calyces or diverticula, stones that are difficult to crush by extracorporeal shock wave and failed treatment. 2.Large stones above L4 in the upper ureter, with heavy obstruction or length diameter >1.5 cm; or ureteral stones due to polyp encapsulation and ureteral tortuosity, ineffective ESWL or failed ureteral placement. 3. Special types of kidney stones, including pediatric kidney stones with obvious obstruction, kidney stones in obese patients, kidney stones combined with pelvic-ureteral junction obstruction or ureteral stenosis, isolated kidney combined with stone obstruction, horseshoe kidney combined with stone obstruction, transplanted kidney combined with stone obstruction, and kidney stones without effusion, etc.