Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in gynecology. Its incidence has tended to be younger in recent years. The incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer has decreased significantly due to the widespread use of cervical cytology screening, which enables early detection and treatment of cervical cancer and cervical lesions. So what are the causes of cervical cancer? How to screen for cervical cancer? Current research has concluded that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the real culprit of cervical cancer. There are more than 120 types of HPV viruses identified. HPV viruses can be classified into high-risk and low-risk types according to the level of tumor-related risk. Low-risk HPV infections are common and are usually cleared by the autoimmune system without causing disease. High-risk HPV, on the other hand, is the culprit that causes cervical lesions. There are currently three main approaches to cervical lesion screening: 1) cervical liquid-based cytology (TCT) and HPV examination; 2) colposcopy; and 3) tissue biopsy and other related pathological examinations. TCT can detect nearly 90% of cervical lesions. And the U.S. cervical cancer screening guidelines recommend TCT combined with HPV testing for women aged 30 to 65 years old to better improve the detection rate of cervical cancer. Since persistent high-risk HPV infection is a necessary factor in the development of cervical cancer, it is recommended that: women who have been sexually active for more than 3 years and are over 30 years old should preferably have HPV and TCT once a year, and if there is no abnormality for 2 consecutive years, they can be retested at intervals of 2 to 3 years. If there is any abnormality, perform colposcopy and pathological biopsy for further examination.