Pneumothorax is formed when the lung tissue, lung pleura or chest wall, or pleura is penetrated and air escapes into the pleural cavity. When the pleural cavity is normal, the pressure inside the pleural cavity is negative, but when the pleura is penetrated, the outside air enters the pleural cavity and becomes positive pressure, forming a pneumothorax. As the pleural cavity becomes positive pressure, it causes lung atrophy, resulting in respiratory dysfunction, so the patient develops chest pain, dry cough and different degrees of dyspnea, and even shock. The common ones are traumatic pneumothorax caused by chest trauma, surgery, misuse of needle treatment and spontaneous pneumothorax caused by lung or pleural diseases (rupture of pulmonary blister in case of emphysema, etc.). In open pneumothorax, it is easy to combine infection to form pus pneumothorax. Tension pneumothorax is because the pleural fissure is live valve-like, gas can enter but not out, so the pressure in the pleural cavity gradually rises to become high pressure pneumothorax, forcing the lung to atrophy and pushing the mediastinum to the opposite side, compressing the contralateral lung and large vein, reducing the return blood to the heart, reducing the amount of cardiac output, at this time the patient has serious respiratory distress, and can appear shock, if not timely whirl rescue can be life-threatening. Cold weather will stimulate the inflammation of the respiratory tract to aggravate, and multiple pulmonary blisters will rupture to form pneumothorax, which will easily rupture the lung and cause the gas to leak into the chest cavity and form a pneumothorax, elderly patients with long-term serious respiratory diseases should pay special attention in winter. Patients with recurrent pneumothorax are recommended for pleural fixation, and the treatment of traumatic pneumothorax can generally be carried out according to the treatment principles of spontaneous pneumothorax, but timely diagnosis, active resuscitation, prevention of complications and prevention of recurrence should be emphasized.