With the attention of all walks of life, the treatment level of domestic neurological diseases has been significantly improved, especially in the etiology and pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, the choice of surgical methods, and the exploration of drug treatment, etc. Certain research results have been achieved. Hydrocephalus, as the name implies, is the accumulation of excessive cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricles that cannot be drained properly, which leads to a series of clinical manifestations. Children, as the most common group of people with hydrocephalus, are commonly affected by brain infection during fetal life, malformation of the midbrain aqueduct, intracranial hemorrhage causing meningeal adhesions, adhesions at the base of the skull due to neonatal and postnatal meningitis, tumor compression causing malabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid or obstructed circulation, etc. If excess cerebrospinal fluid is not treated in a timely manner, the intracranial pressure will increase, manifesting as increased head circumference or rapid growth, bulging fontanelle, separation of cranial sutures, and scalp vascular dilatation. In addition, due to the increased pressure in the anterior cranial fossa, the eyes turn down and protrude outward, exposing the upper white sclera and making the child’s eyes look like the setting sun. The child may also suffer from memory loss, mental inactivity, drowsiness, or irritability, vomiting, frequent convulsions, paralysis, and difficulty walking. Another group of people with a high prevalence of hydrocephalus is the elderly, mainly with traffic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Typical symptoms are physical impairment, mental impairment, and urinary impairment. Patients often experience memory loss, decreased calculation power, slow reaction time, and even mental deterioration, impaired consciousness, and focal neurological dysfunction, hemiplegia, aphasia, unstable walking, and easy falling. It can be seen that hydrocephalus has a great impact on the intelligence of children as well as the elderly. Children are in the stage of receiving enlightenment and growth and development, and if they are not intervened in time, it can seriously affect their intelligence, with poor memory, inattention, distraction in class, and a decline in grades all the way down. The elderly are one of the most concerned groups in society. When they unfortunately suffer from hydrocephalus, they look dull and slow, some forget the way back, and in severe cases, they may develop dementia. Therefore, no matter which group of people suffer from hydrocephalus, it is important to pay attention to treat it as soon as possible. Surgery is currently an important treatment for hydrocephalus. Can intelligence be restored after hydrocephalus surgery? Generally speaking, if the surgery is successful and there are no postoperative complications, intelligence will gradually recover, so the choice of surgery is crucial.