The cardia, the area where the stomach joins the esophagus. In cardia achalasia, the cardia does not relax properly during swallowing. It is a functional disorder caused by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and lack of peristaltic contraction in the body of the esophagus. The cause of achalasia is currently unknown. Difficulty in swallowing is the prominent symptom. It usually starts slowly and worsens gradually over months or years, or it can occur suddenly, often triggered by emotional shock or irritating food. In the early stages of the disease, dysphagia may occur intermittently, sometimes lightly, and then become persistent. At the beginning, it is often difficult to swallow solids, and sometimes it is necessary to drink a lot of water to send food down to relieve the symptoms. After the development of the lesion, swallowing semi-liquid food or liquids may also cause retrosternal choking, often followed by regurgitation, or even choking and coughing, and sudden choking awakening at night. Long-term dysphagia leads to weight loss and malnutrition. Some patients develop retrosternal pain, spasm-like pain or distension, early or late in the course of the disease. The diagnosis of cardia achalasia requires barium meal imaging, gastroscopy, and esophageal manometry for clarification. The treatment of cardia achalasia mainly includes medication, endoscopic treatment and surgery. The efficacy of pharmacological treatment is inaccurate, and many patients suffer from intolerable headaches caused by taking nitrates or calcium antagonists to dilate blood vessels. There are various endoscopic treatments, mainly balloon dilation, botulinum toxin injection therapy, and stent placement. Balloon dilation and botulinum toxin injection are the most mature and effective methods, and they are less invasive and have faster recovery. After stenting, the stent needs to be removed periodically, as long-term placement can irritate the esophageal mucosa or deteriorate the stent. The outcome of treatment is closely related to the treatment method. Surgical treatment may be ineffective, recurrent or postoperative gastroesophageal reflux complications due to insufficient or excessive length of esophageal and gastric wall myotomy. Surgical procedures are not the final solution.